系统回顾了地理信息系统产生以来地理信息内涵发展与拓展的主要历程，指出地理信息的定义一直是在“空间+属性”的地图信息基本框架下逐步扩展，其发展历程经历了地图GIS、语义GIS、时空GIS和大数据GIS 4个不同的阶段，但仍无法满足时空大数据的分析和应用需求。从地理学研究的对象和内容出发，对地理学所需要的“地理信息”的内涵和外延进行了系统的梳理总结，提出了涵盖“空间定位”“语义描述”“属性特征”“几何形态”“演化过程”“要素相互关系”的地理信息六要素表达模型。在地理定律和地理规律的指导下，面向地理现象空间分布、时空格局、演化过程、相互作用机理的集成表达、系统分析和高效管理，设计了六要素集成表达的几何代数统一GIS数据模型、地理规律与相互作用驱动的新型GIS数据结构、非结构化时空数据组织与存储等关键技术，为测绘地理信息走向地理科学信息提供了另一个理论基础与技术方法支撑，有助于提升GIS对地理格局、演化过程和要素相互作用等地理规律的组织、管理、表达和分析能力。
It briefly reviewed the history of geographic information content development since the existence of geographic information system. It pointed out that the current definition of geographic information is always the extension from the "spatial+ attributes" basic mapping framework of geographic information. It is increasingly difficult to adapt to the analysis and application of spatial-temporal big data. From the perspective of geography research subject and content, it summarized systematically that the content and extension of the "geographic information" that geography needs. It put forward that a six-element expression model of geographic information, including spatial location, semantic description, attribute characteristics, geometric form, evolution process, and objects relationship.Under the guidance of the laws of geography, for geographical phenomenon of spatial distribution, temporal pattern and evolution process, the interaction mechanism of the integrated expression, system analysis and efficient management, it designed that a unified GIS data model which is expressed by six basic elements, a new GIS data structure driven by geographical rules and interaction, and key technologies of unstructured spatio-temporal data organization and storage. It provided that a theoretical basis and technical support for the shift from the surveying and mapping geographic information to the scientific geographic information, and it can help improving the organization, management, analysis and expression ability of the GIS of the geographical laws such as geographical pattern, evolution process, and interaction between elements.
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