面向虚实融合的应急导航符号动态参量配置及其认知工效分析

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2025.20240039

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着混合现实技术的发展，虚实融合地图应运而生。现有的虚实融合地图广泛使用动态符号，但尚缺乏面向用户认知的动态符号可用性研究，符号参数的适应性也有待验证。本文以应急导航为应用情景，提出虚实融合的动态符号设计方法，采用眼动跟踪技术开展视觉认知试验，分别从符号的静止与运动模态，旋转、跳跃和缩放变化效果，变化速度分级参数3个层次探究动态符号配置的适宜策略。试验结果表明，动态符号可获得与静态符号相仿的认知效果；在符号动态旋转、跳跃和缩放3种变化方式中，缩放效果在信息处理和视觉搜索比较中表现较好；动态符号的变化分级中，选择2~4个等级较合适，随着分级数目的增加，人们识别、加工处理、记忆符号的难度显著增加。

关键词: 动态符号, 虚实融合, 应急导航, 空间认知

Abstract:

With the development of mixed reality (MR), a new type of map, the virtual-real fusion map, has emerged. Dynamic symbols are widely used in the existing virtual-real fusion maps, but there is a lack of research on the usability of dynamic symbols for user cognition, and the adaptability of symbol parameters needs to be verified. Taking emergency navigation as the application scenario, this study proposes a virtual-real fusion dynamic symbol design method, and use eye tracking technology to carry out visual cognition experiments, respectively, to explore the appropriate strategies for dynamic symbol allocation from three levels of static and dynamic modes, rotation, jumping and scaling change effects, and motion speed gradations. The experimental results show that dynamic symbols has similar cognitive effects as static symbols; among the three change modes of symbols' dynamic rotation, jumping and scaling, the scaling effect performs better in information processing and visual search comparison; among the gradations of dynamic symbols, 2~4 grades is more appropriate, and as the number of gradations increases, the difficulty of recognizing, processing and memorizing the symbols increases significantly.

Key words: dynamic symbol, virtual-real fusion, emergency navigation, spatial cognition

中图分类号:

P208

刘嵩雯, 黄丽娜. 面向虚实融合的应急导航符号动态参量配置及其认知工效分析[J]. 测绘学报, 2025, 54(2): 385-396.

Songwen LIU, Lina HUANG. Dynamic parameter configuration of emergency navigation symbols for virtual-real fusion and its cognitive ergonomics analysis[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2025, 54(2): 385-396.

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摘要

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	次数	54
	比例	100%

动态参量	视觉效果	表达功效
时长：符号某种状态存续的时间段		描述动态现象的持续过程，或与色相、大小等静态参量组合突出数量和质量特征
时速：符号状态改变的速度		描述变化现象的运动过程，或通过闪烁强调静态特征的空间定位或凸显重要性
时序：符号状态改变过程中的先后次序		表达有序量的出现顺序，升序变化对应特征增强，降序表示特征减弱，或类比于二维空间中的前后关系
节奏：符号变化的周期性特征		描述重复性的动态现象，或通过周期（频率）和振幅表示静态特征的重要程度、等级等性质
时刻：符号出现、消失或变化的某一时间点		对应于动画的关键帧，描述地理事物/现象在某时间点的状态和属性
同步：两个或多个符号在同一个过程中各自变化		描述不同的事物或属性特征同向、逆向或彼此关联的时态变化，即建立动态变化之间的映射关系

应急地图可视化研究	动态符号	图形图像参量	动态参量
室内火灾应急疏散_[25]	闪烁的火焰	颜色、形状	时速、时刻、同步
地震受灾地图^[20]	跳跃的地震点	位置	时速、时刻
台风应急响应地图[26]	旋转的气旋移动轨迹	方向位置	时速时长、时速
城市洪涝救援地图[27]	闪烁的排水井	尺寸	时长、时速、时刻
城市洪涝救援地图[27]	闪烁的泵站	尺寸	时刻

符号构成	符号含义	功能类型
红色基调白色按钮+火焰图案水滴形轮廓	消防按钮	火灾报警装置标志
绿色基调白色逃生出口图案水滴形轮廓	安全出口	紧急疏散逃生标志
红色基调黑白色香烟图案禁止斜杠水滴形轮廓	禁止吸烟	禁止标志
黄色基调黑色三角形+火焰图案水滴形轮廓	当心易燃物	警告标志

类别	指标	单位	指标解释
信息处理	首次进入AOI	无	根据首次到达AOI之前所花时间进行赋值，用于评价不同等级符号对被试的视觉吸引；数值越大，被试越容易关注到等级高的符号
	AOI总注视时长	ms	眼睛在AOI内停留的总时长，用于评价被试解译信息、记忆的过程；总注视时长越长，被试处理AOI信息的时间成本越大^[36，38]
	AOI注视次数	次	眼睛在AOI内停留注视的次数，用于评价被试处理的视觉信息；注视次数越多，被试处理的视觉信息越多（但不一定有用）^[38]
视觉搜索比较	扫视次数	次	眼睛在注视目标之间快速跳动的次数，用于评价被试在试验中进行视觉搜索和比较的次数。扫视次数越多，被试进行的视觉搜索比较越多^[36，38]
认知负担	瞳孔扩张	无	试验任务中瞳孔扩张程度，由试验期间瞳孔最大直径/瞳孔平均直径得到，用于评价被试在试验中的认知负担；瞳孔扩张越大，认知负担越大^[38]

类别	指标	符号模态	M±SD	Z	P
信息处理	首次进入AOI	静态	0.867±0.730	-0.820b	0.412
	首次进入AOI	动态	1.033±0.928	-0.820b	0.412
	AOI总注视时长/ms	静态	1 205.517±754.792	-1.957c	0.050
	AOI总注视时长/ms	动态	906.050±548.706	-1.957c	0.050
	AOI注视次数/次	静态	4.000±2.803	-1.785c	0.074
	AOI注视次数/次	动态	3.017±1.724	-1.785c	0.074
视觉搜索比较	扫视次数/次	静态	12.783±6.908	-3.458c	0.001^*
视觉搜索比较	扫视次数/次	动态	8.950±5.120	-3.458c	0.001^*
认知负担	瞳孔扩张	静态	1.098±0.038	-1.644b	0.096
认知负担	瞳孔扩张	动态	1.098±0.032	-1.644b	0.096