时空大数据时代的地图学

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170308

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 地图学研究的主战场是“地图”，但不同历史时期的地图其信息源、主题、内容、载体、形式、制作方法和应用方式是不同的，当然它的全方位价值也就不同了。从科学史上的科学范式的变化来看，随着大数据时代的到来，如今已经步入“数据密集型”科学范式时代，地图学亦如此，具有明显的大数据科学的特征。所有大数据都是由包括人类活动在内的地理世界的任何事物和任何现象运动变化产生的，都具有空间和时间特性，当然也就离不开空间参照和时间参照。因此，大数据本质上就是时空大数据。自20世纪50年代末60年代初以来的现代地图学，即信息化时代的地图学，是以时空数据为对象的，其核心是时空数据处理与表达，但并没有像今天面对天空地海一体的大规模多源（元）异构和多维动态的数据流（或流数据），地图的实时动态性、主题针对性、内容复合性、载体多样化、表现形式个性化、制作方法现代化、应用泛在化等特征，是以往任何时期都无法比拟的，这就产生了地图学理论、技术和应用体系的巨大变化。而所有这些变化都正好发生在20世纪50年代末和60年代初以来的约60年间，故以本文纪念《测绘学报》创刊60周年。

关键词: 地图学, 时空大数据, 数据融合, 科学范式, 时空认知模型

Abstract: Cartography is an ancient science with almost the same long history as the world's oldest culture.Since ancient times,the movement and change of anything and any phenomena,including human activities,have been carried out in a certain time and space.The development of science and technology and the progress of social civilization have made social management and governance more and more dependent on time and space.The information source,theme,content,carrier,form,production methods and application methods of map are different in different historical periods,so that its all-round value is different. With the arrival of the big data age,the scientific paradigm has now entered the era of "data-intensive" paradigm,so is the cartography,with obvious characteristics of big data science.All big data are caused by movement and change of all things and phenomena in the geographic world,so they have space and time characteristics and thus cannot be separated from the spatial reference and time reference.Therefore,big data is big spatio-temporal data essentially.Since the late 1950s and early 1960s,modern cartography,that is,the cartography in the information age,takes spatio-temporal data as the object,and focuses on the processing and expression of spatio-temporal data,but not in the face of the large scale multi-source heterogeneous and multi-dimensional dynamic data flow(or flow data)from sky to the sea.The real-time dynamic nature,the theme pertinence,the content complexity,the carrier diversification,the expression form personalization,the production method modernization,the application ubiquity of the map,is incomparable in the past period,which leads to the great changes of the theory,technology and application system of cartography.And all these changes happen to occur in the 60 years since the late 1950s and early 1960s,so this article was written to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the "Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica".

Key words: cartography, big spatio-temporal data, data fusion, science paradigms, spatio-temporal cognitive model

中图分类号:

P208

王家耀. 时空大数据时代的地图学[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1226-1237.

WANG Jiayao. Cartography in the Age of Spatio-temporal Big Data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1226-1237.

参考文献

[1] 王家耀. 地图制图学与地理信息工程学科进展与成就[M]. 北京:测绘出版社, 2011. WANG Jiayao. Advances in Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering[M]. Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press, 2011.
[2] 王家耀, 陈毓芬. 理论地图学[M]. 北京:解放军出版社, 2000. WANG Jiayao, CHEN Yufen. Theoretical Cartography[M]. Beijing:PLA Press, 2000.
[3] 王家耀, 孙群, 王光霞, 等. 地图学原理与方法[M]. 2版. 北京:科学出版社, 2014. WANG Jiayao, SUN Qun, WANG Guangxia, et al. Principle and Method of Cartography[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing:Science Press, 2014.
[4] 王家耀, 何宗宜, 蒲英霞, 等. 地图学[M]. 北京:测绘出版社, 2016. WANG Jiayao, HE Zongyi, PU Yingxia, et al. Cartography[M]. Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press, 2016.
[5] 陈述彭. 地图史[M]//中国大百科全书:测绘学. 北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1985. CHEN Shupeng. History of Maps[M]//Encyclopedia of China, Surveying and Mapping. Beijing:Encyclopedia of China Press, 1985.
[6] 卢良志. 中国地图发展史[M]. 北京:星球地图出版社, 2012. LU Liangzhi. History of Chinese Map Development[M]. Beijing:Star Map Press, 2012.
[7] BLACK J. 地图的历史[M]. 张澜, 译. 北京:希望出版社, 2006. BLACK J. History of Maps[M]. ZHANG Lan, trans. Beijing:Hope Publishing House, 2006.
[8] 马耀峰, 胡文亮, 张安定, 等. 地图学原理[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2004. MA Yaofeng, HU Wenliang, ZHANG Anding, et al. Cartography Principle[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2004.
[9] WOOD D, FELS J. The Power of Maps[M]. New York:Guilford Press, 1992.
[10] HANSON S. 改变世界的十大地理思想[M]. 肖平, 王方雄, 李平, 译. 北京:商务印书馆, 2009. HANSON S. Ten Geographic Ideas that Changed the World[M]. XIAO Ping, WANG Fangxiong, LI Ping, trans. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2009.
[11] 王家耀, 成毅. 论地图学的属性和地图的价值[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(3):237-241. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140406. WANG Jiayao, CHENG Yi. Discussions on the Attributes of Cartography and the Value of Map[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(3):237-241. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140406.
[12] 王家耀, 倪松筠, 李文霞. 地图编制[M]. 郑州:解放军测绘学院, 1983. WANG Jiayao, NI Songjun, LI Wenxia. Map Compilation[M]. Zhengzhou:Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 1983.
[13] 祝国瑞, 张根寿. 地图分析[M]. 北京:测绘出版社, 1994. ZHU Guorui, ZNANG Genshou. Map Analysis[M]. Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press, 1994.
[14] 王家耀, 邹建华. 地图制图数据处理的模型方法[M]. 北京:解放军出版社, 1992. WANG Jiayao, ZOU Jianhua. The Model of Map Mapping Data Processing Method[M]. Beijing:PLA Publishing House, 1992.
[15] 陈述彭. 信息流与地图学[J]. 世界科学, 1993(1):9-12, 64. CHEN Shupeng. Information Flow and Cartography[J]. World Science, 1993(1):9-12, 64.
[16] 王家耀, 崔晓杰. "互联网+"时代的地理时空大数据与智慧城市[M]//买合苏提. 2015——新常态下的测绘地理信息研究报告——测绘地理信息蓝皮书. 北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2015. WANG Jiayao, CUI Xiaojie. "Internet+" Spatial and Temporal Big Data and Smart City[M]//Report on Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation under the New Normal (2015). Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press, 2015.
[17] 王家耀. 时空大数据时代:挑战与机遇[R]. 武汉:武汉大学, 2016. WANG Jiayao. Big Spatio-temporal Data:Challenge and Opportunity[R]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2016.
[18] 辞海编辑委员会. 辞海[M]. 6版. 上海:上海辞书出版社, 2010. Editorial Board of Cihai. Ci Hai[M]. 6th ed. Shanghai:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, 2010.
[19] SOFFEL M, LANGHANS R. 时空参考系[M]. 王若璞, 赵东明, 译. 北京:科学出版社, 2015. SOFFEL M, LANGHANS R. Space-time Reference Systems[M]. WANG Ruopu, ZHAO Dongming, trans. Beijing:Science Press, 2015.
[20] 申文斌, 宁津生, 晁定波. 相对论与相对论重力测量[M]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2008. SHEN Wenbin, NING Jinsheng, CHAO Dingbo. Relativistic and Relativistic Gravimetric Measurements[M]. Wuhan:Wuhan University Press, 2008.
[21] 关美宝. 地理学与地理信息科学的时空一体化:中美两国的前沿研究[M]. 马晓熠, 易嘉伟, 沈恬, 译. 北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2015. GUAN Meibao. Space-time Integration in Geography and GIScience Research Frontiers in the US and China[M]. MA Xiaoyi, YI Jiawei, SHEN Tian, trans. Beijing:China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, 2015.
[22] ZHANG Junbo, ZHENG Yu, QI Dekang, et al. Predicting Citywide Crowd Flows Using Deep Spatio-temporal Residual Networks[C]//International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence. 2017.
[23] 王家耀. 地图制图学与地理信息工程学科发展趋势[J]. 测绘学报, 2010, 39(2):115-119, 128. WANG Jiayao. Development Trends of Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2010, 39(2):115-119, 128.
[24] 王家耀, 孙力楠, 成毅. 创新思维改变地图学[J]. 地理空间信息, 2011, 9(2):1-5, 80. WANG Jiayao, SUN Linan, CHENG Yi. Innovative Thinking Change Cartography[J]. Geospatial Information, 2011, 9(2):1-5, 80.
[25] 王家耀. 测绘导航与地理信息科学技术的进展——庆祝《测绘科学技术学报》创刊30周年[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2014, 31(5):441-449. WANG Jiayao. The Progress of Geomatics Navigation and Geographic Information Science and Technology-to Celebrate the Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology Start Publication 30 Years[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2014, 31(5):441-449.
[26] 杨元喜. 北斗卫星导航系统的进展、贡献与挑战[J]. 测绘学报, 2010, 39(1):1-6. YANG Yuanxi. Progress, Contribution and Challenges of Compass/BeiDou Satellite Navigation System[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2010, 39(1):1-6.
[27] 安晓亚. 空间数据几何相似性度量理论方法与应用研究[D]. 郑州:信息工程大学, 2011. AN Xiaoya. Research on Theory, Methods and Applications of Geometry Similarity Measurement for Spatial Data[D]. Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University, 2011.
[28] 安晓亚, 孙群, 肖强, 等. 一种形状多级描述方法及在多尺度空间数据几何相似性度量中的应用[J]. 测绘学报, 2011, 40(4):495-501. AN Xiaoya, SUN Qun, XIAO Qiang, et al. A Shape Multilevel Description Method and Application in Measuring Geometry Similarity of Multi-scale Spatial Data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2011, 40(4):495-501.
[29] 孙群. 空间数据相似性研究的若干基本问题[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2013, 30(5):439-442. SUN Qun. Research on Some Fundamental Issues of Spatial Data Similarity[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2013, 30(5):439-442.
[30] 刘涛, 杜清运, 闫浩文. 空间点群目标相似度计算[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2011, 36(10):1149-1153. LIU Tao, DU Qingyun, YAN Haowen. Spatial Similarity Assessment of Point Clusters[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2011, 36(10):1149-1153.
[31] YAN Haowen, LI J. Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-scale Map Spaces[M]. New York:Springer, 2015.
[32] YAN Haowen, LIU Tao, YANG Weifang, et al. Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-scale Map Spaces:Basic Concepts and Potential Research Issues[C]//Orally Presented at the ICA Workshop On Generalization and Map Production. Germany, Dresden:[s.n.], 2013.
[33] YAN Haowen. Fundamental Theories of Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-Scale Map Spaces[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2010, 20(1):18-22.
[34] YAN Haowen. Concepts and Classification of Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-scale Map Spaces[C]//Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Analysis. Wuhan, China:SPIE, 2009:135-142.
[35] YAN Haowen. Quantitative Relations between Spatial Similarity Degree and Map Scale Change of Individual Linear Objects in Multi-Scale Map Spaces[J]. Geocarto International, 2015, 30(4):472-482.
[36] 黄智深, 钱海忠, 王骁, 等. 基于降维技术的面状居民地匹配方法[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2012, 29(1):75-78. HUANG Zhishen, QIAN Haizhong, WANG Xiao, et al. Dimension Decrease-oriented Habitation Matching Method[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2012, 29(1):75-78.
[37] 许俊奎, 武芳, 魏慧峰, 等. 面状居民地匹配的空间认知特点研究[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2012, 29(4):303-307. XU Junkui, WU Fang, WEI Huifeng, et al. Research on Spatial Cognition Character of Areal Settlement Matching Process[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2012, 29(4):303-307.
[38] 许俊奎, 武芳, 钱海忠, 等. 一种空间关系相似性约束的居民地匹配算法[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2013, 38(4):484-488. XU Junkui, WU Fang, QIAN Haizhong, et al. Settlement Matching Algorithm Using Spatial Similarity Relations as Constraints[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38(4):484-488.
[39] 姬存伟, 王卉, 焦洋洋, 等. 基于力图投影的面状居民地匹配方法[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2013, 30(2):201-205. JI Cunwei, WANG Hui, JIAO Yangyang, et al. Areal Settlements Matching Method Based on the Protection of Force Diagram[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2013, 30(2):201-205.
[40] 许俊奎, 武芳, 魏慧峰. 人工神经网络在居民地面状匹配中的应用[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2013, 30(3):293-298. XU Junkui, WU Fang, WEI Huifeng. Areal Settlements Matching Algorithm Based on Artificial Neural Network Technique[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2013, 30(3):293-298.
[41] 焦洋洋, 王卉, 翟仁健. 顾及邻域相似性的面要素匹配方法[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 32(7):947-952. JIAO Yangyang, WANG Hui, ZHAI Renjian. Matching Method for Areal Feature Considering Context-Dependent Similarity[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University (Natural Science), 2013, 32(7):947-952.
[42] 刘海龙, 钱海忠, 黄智深, 等. 采用Stroke层次结构模型的道路网匹配方法[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2013, 30(6):647-651, 657. LIU Hailong, QIAN Haizhong, HUANG Zhishen, et al. Road Network Matching Method with Stroke-hierarchical Model[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2013, 30(6):647-651, 657.
[43] 黄智深, 钱海忠, 郭敏, 等. 面状居民地匹配骨架线傅里叶变化方法[J]. 测绘学报, 2013, 42(6):913-921, 928. HUANG Zhishen, QIAN Haizhong, GUO Min, et al. Matching Algorithm of Polygon Habitations Based on Their Skeleton-lines Using Fourier Transform[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2013, 42(6):913-921, 928.
[44] 许俊奎, 武芳, 朱健东, 等. 相邻比例尺居民地匹配[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2014, 39(3):340-345. XU Junkui, WU Fang, ZHU Jiandong, et al. A Multi-to-multi Matching Algorithm between Neighborhood Scale Settlement Data[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2014, 39(3):340-345.
[45] 巩现勇, 武芳, 姬存伟, 等. 道路网匹配的蚁群算法求解模型[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2014, 39(2):191-195. GONG Xianyong, WU Fang, JI Cunwei, et al. Ant Colony Optimization Approach to Road Network Matching[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2014, 39(2):191-195.
[46] 赵东保, 盛业华. 全局寻优的矢量道路网自动匹配方法研究[J]. 测绘学报, 2010, 39(4):416-421. ZHAO Dongbao, SHENG Yehua. Research on Automatic Matching of Vector Road Networks Based on Global Optimization[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2010, 39(4):416-421.
[47] 陈玉敏, 龚健雅, 史文中. 多尺度道路网的距离匹配算法研究[J]. 测绘学报, 2007, 36(1):84-90. CHEN Yumin, GONG Jianya, SHI Wenzhong. A Distance-based Matching Algorithm for Multi-Scale Road Networks[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2007, 36(1):84-90.
[48] 孙敏, 陈秀万, 张飞舟. 地理信息本体论[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2004, 20(3):6-11, 39. SUN Min, Chen Xiuwan, ZHANG Feizhou. Geo-ontology[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2004, 20(3):6-11, 39.
[49] 黄茂军, 杜清运, 吴运超, 等. 地理本体及其应用初探[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2004, 20(4):1-5. HUANG Maojun, DU Qingyun, WU Yunchao, et al. A Preliminary Study on Geographic Ontology and Its Application[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2004, 20(4):1-5.
[50] 武成岗, 焦文品, 田启家, 等. 基于本体论和多主体的信息检索服务器[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2001, 38(6):641-647. WU Chenggang, JIAO Wenpin, TIAN Qijia, et al. An Information Retrieval Server Based on Ontology and Multi-agent[J]. Journal of Computer Research & Development, 2001, 38(6):641-647.
[51] HARGING J. Geo-Ontology Concepts and Issues, Research & Innovation, Ordnance Survey[R]. Report of a Workshop on Geo-ontology, Ilkley UK:[s.n.], 2002.
[52] 黄茂军, 杜清运, 杜晓初. 地理本体空间特征的形式化表达机制研究[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2005, 30(4):337-340. HUANG Maojun, DU Qingyun, DU Xiaochu. Formal Representation of Spatial Properties of Geographic Ontology[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2005, 30(4):337-340.
[53] 陈建军, 周成虎, 王敬贵. 地理本体的研究进展与分析[J]. 地学前缘, 2006, 13(3):81-90. CHEN Jianjun, ZHOU Chenghu, WANG Jinggui. Advances in the Study of the Geo-ontology[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2006, 13(3):81-90.
[54] 安杨, 边馥苓, 关佶红. 基于Ontology的网络地理服务描述与发现[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2004, 29(12):1063-1066. AN Yang, BIAN Fuling, GUAN Jihong. Geo Web Services Description and Discovery Based on Ontology[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2004, 29(12):1063-1066.
[55] 谭喜成, 边馥苓. 基于本体协同的空间信息互操作方法[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2005, 30(2):178-181. TAN Xicheng, BIAN Fuling. Heterogeneous Spatial Information Interoperability Based on Cooperative Ontologies[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2005, 30(2):178-181.
[56] 崔巍. 用地理本体实现地理信息系统互操作[J]. 测绘信息与工程, 2004, 29(1):20-22. CUI Wei. Ontology-based GIS Interoperability[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2004, 29(1):20-22.
[57] 崔巍. 基于本体和Web技术的地理信息系统集成研究[J]. 测绘通报, 2004(12):14-16, 20. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2004.12.005. CUI Wei. A Study of GIS Integration Based on Ontology and Web[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2004(12):14-16, 20. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2004.12.005.
[58] 王渊, 卢正鼎, 陈玉. 一种基于Ontology的数据集成方法[J]. 计算机工程与科学, 2005, 27(6):67-69. WANG Yuan, LU Zhengding, CHEN Yu. An Ontology-based Approach to Data Integration[J]. Computer Engineering & Science, 2005, 27(6):67-69.
[59] 景东升, 吴斐. 基于本体和Agent的地理空间信息语义共享[J]. 地理信息世界, 2005, 3(4):35-38. JING Dongsheng, WU Fei. Geo-spatial Information Semantic Share on Base of Ontology and Agent[J]. Geomatics World, 2005, 3(4):35-38.
[60] 吴昊, 邢桂芬. 基于本体的信息集成技术研究[J]. 计算机应用, 2005, 25(2):456-458. WU Hao, XING Guifen. Research on Technology of Information Integration Based on Ontology[J]. Computer Applications, 2005, 25(2):456-458.
[61] 崔巍, 蒋天发, 张德新. 用数据挖掘和本体实现空间信息系统语义互操作[J]. 武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2004, 28(1):118-121. CUI Wei, JIANG Tianfa, ZHANG Dexin. Using Data Mining and Ontology to Realize Interoperability Geographic Information Systems[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology (Transportation Science & Engineering), 2004, 28(1):118-121.
[62] 王生生, 刘大有. 基于本体论的地理信息系统中间件[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2004, 40(22):19-21. WANG Shengsheng, LIU Dayou. Ontology Based Geographical Information System Middleware[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2004, 40(22):19-21.
[63] 王敬贵, 苏奋振, 杜云艳, 等. 基于Ontology的空间知识查询方法及其应用[J]. 地球信息科学, 2004, 6(4):93-99. WANG Jinggui, SU Fenzhen, DU Yunyan, et al. Study on Spatial Knowledge Querying Methods Based on Ontology[J]. Geo-Information Science, 2004, 6(4):93-99.
[64] 王浒. 基于Geo-Ontology的元数据服务体系与技术研究[D]. 北京:北京大学, 2003. WANG Hu. Research on Metadata Service System and Technology Based on Geo-Ontology[D]. Beijing:Peking University, 2003.
[65] 李霖, 王红, 赵宁, 等. 基于本体论的基础地理信息分类研究[J]. 地理信息世界, 2004, 2(6):21-25. LI Lin, WANG Hong, ZHAO Ning, et al. Classification of Fundamental Geographical Information Based on Ontology[J]. Geomatics World, 2004, 2(6):21-25.
[66] 崔巍. 用本体实现地理信息系统语义集成和互操作[D]. 武汉:武汉大学, 2004. CUI Wei. Using Ontology to Achieve The Semantic Integration and Interoperation of the Geography Information System[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2004.
[67] 景东升. 基于本体的地理空间信息语义表达和服务研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所, 2005. JING Dongsheng. A Research on Geo-spatial Information Semantic Expression and Service Based on Ontology[D]. Beijing:Institute of Remote Sensing Application Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005.
[68] 李景, 苏晓鹭, 钱平. 构建领域本体的方法[J]. 计算机与农业, 2003(7):7-10. LI Jing, SU Xiaolu, QIAN Ping. The Methodology of Developing Domain Ontology[J]. Computer and Agriculture, 2003(7):7-10.
[69] 王洪伟, 吴家春, 蒋馥. 基于描述逻辑的本体模型研究[J]. 系统工程, 2003, 21(3):101-106. WANG Hongwei, WU Jiachun, JIANG Fu. A Study on Ontology Model Based on Description Logics[J]. Systems Engineering, 2003, 21(3):101-106.
[70] 王洪伟, 吴家春, 蒋馥. 基于本体模型的信息检索机制研究[J]. 情报学报, 2004, 23(1):3-9. WANG Hongwei, WU Jiachun, JIANG Fu. Study on Ontology Based Information Retrieval[J]. Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, 2004, 23(1):3-9.
[71] 张钋. 基于语义的网络服务匹配机制的研究与实现[D]. 北京:清华大学, 2005. ZHANG Po. The Research and Implementation of Semantic Based Web Services Discovery[D]. Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2005.
[72] 胡鹤, 刘大有, 王生生. Web本体语言的分析与比较[J]. 计算机工程, 2005, 31(4):4-5, 17. HU He, LIU Dayou, WANG Shengsheng. Analysis and Comparison of Web Ontology Languages[J]. Computer Engineering, 2005, 31(4):4-5, 17.
[73] 梁晟. 基于语义Web的服务自动组合技术的研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院软件研究所, 2004. LIANG Sheng. Research on Technology of Automatic Services Composition Based on Semantic Web[D]. Beijing:Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2004.
[74] 李勤超. 基于本体的地理信息语义转换模型与方法研究[D]. 郑州:信息工程大学, 2011. LI Qinchao. Research of Model and Methods Based on Ontology for Geo-information Semantic Transformation[D]. Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University, 2011.
[75] 李宏伟. 基于Ontology的地理信息服务研究[D]. 郑州:信息工程大学, 2007. LI Hongwei. The Research on Geo-Information Services Based on Ontology[D]. Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University, 2007.
[76] 李宏伟, 成毅, 李勤超. 地理本体与地理信息服务[M]. 西安:西安地图出版社, 2008. LI Hongwei, CHENG Yi, LI Qinchao. Geography Ontology and Geographic Information Service[M]. Xi'an:Xi'an Cartographic Publishing House, 2008.
[77] KUHN T S. 科学革命的结构[M]. 金吾伦, 胡新和, 译. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2003. KUHN T S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions[M]. JIN Wulun, HU Xinhe, trans. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2003.
[78] HEY T, TANSLEY S, TOLLE K. 第四范式:数据密集型科学发现[M]. 潘教峰, 张晓林, 译. 北京:科学出版社, 2012. HEY T, TANSLEY S, TOLLE K. The Fourth Paradigm:Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery[M]. PAN Jiaofeng, ZHANG Xiaolin, trans. Beijing:Science Press, 2012.
[79] 王家耀, 张天时. 制图综合[M]. 北京:星球地图出版社, 2016. WANG Jiayao, ZHANG Tianshi. Cartography Generalization[M]. Beijing:Star Map Press, 2016.
[80] 王家耀, 吴战家, 武芳. 制图综合专家系统工具研究[J]. 解放军测绘学院学报, 1992(4):66-72. WANG Jiayao, WU Zhanjia, WU Fang. The Research on Tools of the Cartographic Generalization Expert System[J]. Journal of the PLA Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 1992(4):66-72.
[81] 王家耀, 武芳. 数字地图自动制图综合原理与方法[M]. 北京:解放军出版社, 1998. WANG Jiayao, WU Fang. Principle and Methods of Automated Digital Map Generalization[M]. Beijing:PLA Press, 1998.
[82] 毋河海. 地图综合基础理论与技术方法研究[M]. 北京:测绘出版社, 2004. WU Hehai. Research on Basic Theory and Technical Methods of Map Generalization[M]. Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press, 2004.
[83] 钱海忠. 自动制图综合及过程控制的智能化研究[D]. 郑州:信息工程大学, 2006. QIAN Haizhong. Study of Automated Cartographic Generalization and Intelligent Generalization Process Control[D]. Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University, 2006.
[84] 邓红艳. 基于保质设计的自动制图综合研究[D]. 郑州:信息工程大学, 2006. DENG Hongyan. A Study of Automated Cartographic Generalization Based on Design for Quality[D]. Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University, 2006.
[85] 王家耀, 钱海忠. 制图综合知识及其应用[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2006, 31(5):382-386, 439. WANG Jiayao, QIAN Haizhong. Cartographic-generalization-knowledge and Its Application[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2006, 31(5):382-386, 439.
[86] 武芳, 钱海忠, 邓红艳, 等. 面向地图自动综合的空间信息智能处理[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2008. WU Fang, QIAN Haizhong, DENG Hongyan, et al. Intelligent Processing for Automated Map Generalization[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2008.
[87] 武芳, 邓红艳, 钱海忠, 等. 地图自动综合质量评估模型[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2009. WU Fang, DENG Hongyan, QIAN Haizhong, et al. Quality Assessment Methods in Automated Map Generalization[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2009.
[88] 王家耀, 李志林, 武芳. 数字地图综合进展[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2011. WANG Jiayao, LI Zhilin, WU Fang. Advances in Digital Map Generalization[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2011.
[89] 闫浩文, 王家耀. 地图群(组)目标描述与自动综合[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2009. YAN Haowen, WANG Jiayao. Descriptions and Automated Generalization of Object Groups/Clusters on Map[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2009.
[90] 武芳. 空间数据的多尺度表达与自动综合[M]. 北京:解放军出版社, 2003. WU Fang. Multi-scale Representation and Automated Generalization of Spatial Data[M]. Beijing:PLA Press, 2003.
[91] 杜世宏. 多尺度空间关系理论与实践[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2014. DU Shihong. Theory and Practice of Multi-scale Spatial Relations[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2014.
[92] 李霖, 吴凡. 空间数据多尺度表达模型及其可视化[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2005. LI Lin, WU Fan. Multi-scale Representation Model and Its Visualization of Spatial Data[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2005.
[93] 许俊奎. 多尺度居民地要素增量级联更新方法研究[D]. 郑州:信息工程大学, 2013. XU Junkui. Research on Multi-scale Settlement Incremental Propagating Updating Techniques[D]. Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University, 2013.
[94] 维克托·迈尔-舍恩伯格. 删除:大数据取舍之道[M]. 袁杰, 译. 杭州:浙江人民出版社, 2013. MAYER-SCHONBERGER V. Delete:The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age[M]. YUAN Jie, trans. Hangzhou:Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2013.
[95] 杨轶莘. 大数据时代下的统计学[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2015. YANG Yishen. Statistics in the Big Data Age[M]. Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2015.
[96] 杨旭. 重构大数据统计[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2014. YANG Xu. Reconstruction of Large Data Statistics[M]. Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2014.
[97] 维克托·迈尔-舍恩伯格, 肯尼思·库克耶. 大数据时代:生活、工作与思维的大变革[M]. 盛杨燕, 周涛, 译. 杭州:浙江人民出版社, 2013. MAYER-SCHONBERGER V, CUKIER K. Big Data:A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think[M]. SHENG Yangyan, ZHOU Tao, trans. Hangzhou:Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2013.
[98] FRANKS B. 驾驭大数据[M]. 黄海, 车皓阳, 王悦, 等, 译. 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2013. FRANKS B. Taming the Big Data Tidal Wave[M]. HUANG Hai, CHE Haoyang, WANG Yue, et al, trans. Beijing:Posts & Telecom Press, 2013.
[99] LESKOVEC J, RAJARAMAN A, ULLMAN J D. 大数据:互联网大规模数挖掘与分布式处理[M]. 王斌, 译. 2版. 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2015. LESKOVEC J, RAJARAMAN A, ULLMAN J D. Mining of Massive Datasets[M]. WANG Bin, trans. 2nd ed. Beijing:Posts & Telecom Press, 2015.
[100] 涂子沛. 大数据[M]. 南宁:广西师范大学出版社, 2012. TU Zipei. The Big Data Revolution[M]. Nanning:Guangxi Normal University Press, 2012.
[101] KANTARDZIC M. 数据挖掘:概念、模型、方法和算法[M]. 王晓梅, 吴志刚, 译. 2版. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2013. KANTARDZIC M. Data Mining:Concepts, Models, Methods and Algorithms[M]. WANG Xiaomei, WU Zhigang, trans. 2nd ed. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2013.
[102] HAN Jiawei, KAMBER M, PEN Jian. 数据挖掘:概念与技术[M]. 范明, 孟小峰, 译. 3版. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2012. HAN Jiawei, KAMBER M, PEN Jian. Data Mining:Concepts and Techniques[M]. FAN Ming, MENG Xiaofeng, trans. 3rd ed. Beijing:China Machine Press, 2012.
[103] WITTEN L H, FRANK E, HALL M A. 数据挖掘:实用机器学习工具与技术[M]. 李川, 张永辉, 译. 3版. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2012. WITTEN L H, FRANK E, HALL M A. Data Mining:Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques[M]. LI Chuan, ZHANG Yonghui, Trans. 3rd ed. Beijing:China Machine Press, 2012.
[104] 段云峰, 秦晓飞. 大数据的互联网思维[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2015. DUAN Yunfeng, QIN Xiaofei. Big Data Internet Thinking[M]. Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2015.
[105] SIEGEL E. 大数据预测[M]. 周昕, 译. 北京:中信出版社, 2014. SIEGEL E. Predictive Analytics:The Power to Predict Who Will Click, Buy, Lie, or Die[M]. ZHOU Xin, trans. Beijing:Citic Press Group, 2014.
[106] MARR B. 智能大数据SMART准则:数据分析方法、案例和行动纲领[M]. 秦磊, 曹正凤, 译. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2015. MARR B. Big Data:Using SMART Big Data, Analytics and Metrics to Make Better Decisions and Improve Performance[M]. QIN Lei, CAO Zhengfeng, trans. Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2015.
[107] TAN P M, STEINBACH M, KUMAR V. 数据挖掘导论[M]. 范明, 范宏建, 译. 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2011. TAN P M, STEINBACH M, KUMAR V. Introduction to Data Mining[M]. FAN Ming, FAN Hongjian, trans. Beijing:Posts & Telecom Press, 2011.
[108] MANOOCHEHRI M. 寻路大数据:海量数据与大规模分析[M]. 戴志伟, 许杨毅, 鄢博, 等, 译. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2014. MANOOCHEHRI M. Data Just Right Introduction to Large-scale Data & Analytics[M]. DAI Zhiwei, XU Yangyi,YAN Bo, et al, trans. Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2014.
[109] 陈建英, 黄演红. 互联网+大数据:精准营销的利器[M]. 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2015. CHEN Jianying, HUANG Yanhong. Internet Plus Big Data:A Sharp Tool for Precision Marketing[M]. Beijing:Posts & Telecom Press, 2015.
[110] 李德仁, 王树良, 李德毅. 空间数据挖掘理论与应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2006. LI Deren, WANG Shuliang, LI Deyi. Spatial Data Mining Theories and Applications[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2006.
[111] 吴朝晖, 陈华钧, 杨建华. 空间大数据信息基础设施[M]. 杭州:浙江大学出版社, 2013. WU Zhaohui, CHEN Huajun, YANG Jianhua. Big Spatial Data Infrastructure[M]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University Press, 2013.
[112] 王英杰, 袁勘省, 余卓渊. 多维动态地学信息可视化[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2003. WANG Yingjie, YUAN Kanxing, YU Zhuoyuan. Multi-Dimensional Dynamic Geo-Information Visualization[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2003.
[113] FAYYAD U, GRINSTEIN G G, WIERSE A. Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery[M]. San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2002.
[114] KOLÁČNY' A. Cartographic Information-a Fundamental Concept and Term in Modern Cartography[J]. The Cartographic Journal, 1969, 6(1):47-49.