The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region suffers the most serious ground subsidence in China, which has caused huge economic losses every year. Therefore, ground subsidence was listed as an important mission in the project of geographic conditions monitoring over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei launched by the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation in 2013. In this paper, we propose a methodology of ground subsidence monitoring over wide area, which is entitled "multiple master-image coherent target small-baseline interferometric SAR (MCTSB-InSAR)". MCTSB-InSAR is an improved time series InSAR technique with some unique features. SAR datasets used for ground subsidence monitoring over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region include ERS-1/2 SAR images acquired between 1992 to 2000, ENVISAT ASAR images acquired between 2003 to 2010 and RADARSAT-2 images acquired between 2012 to 2014. This research represents a first ever effort on mapping ground subsidence over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and over such as a long time span in China. In comparison with more than 120 leveling measurements collected in Beijing and Tianjin, the derived subsidence velocity has the accuracy of 8.7mm/year (1992—2000), 4.7mm/year (2003—2010), and 5.4mm/year (2012—2014) respectively. The spatial-temporal characteristics of the development of ground subsidence in Beijing and Tianjin are analyzed. In general, ground subsidence in Beijing kept continuously expanding in the period of 1992 to 2014. While, ground subsidence in Tianjin had already been serious in 1990s, had dramatically expanded during 2000s, and started to alleviate in recent years. The monitoring result is of high significance for prevention and mitigation of ground subsidence disaster, for making development plan, for efficient and effective utilization of water resource, and for adjustment of economic framework of this region. The result also indicates the effectiveness and reliability of the MCTSB-InSAR method. Thus, the MCTSB-InSAR method is applicable to monitoring ground subsidence over large areas in the future.
[1] 何庆成, 刘文波, 李志明. 华北平原地面沉降调查与监测[J]. 高校地质学报, 2006, 12(2): 195-209. HE Qingcheng, LIU Wenbo, LI Zhiming. Land Subsidence Survey and Monitoring in the North China Plain[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 2006, 12(2): 195-209.
[2] GABRIEL A K, GOLDSTEIN R M, ZEBKER H A. Mapping Small Elevation Changes over Large Areas: Differential Radar Interferometry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1989, 94(B7): 9183-9191.
[3] ZEBKER H A, VILLASENOR J. Decorrelation in Interferometric Radar Echoes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1992, 30(5): 950-959.
[4] DING Xiaoli, LI Zhiwei, ZHU Jianjun, et al. Atmospheric Effects on InSAR Measurements and Their Mitigation[J]. Sensors, 2008, 8(9): 5426-5448.
[5] FERRETTI A, PRATI C, ROCCA F. Nonlinear Subsidence Rate Estimation Using Permanent Scatterers in Differential SAR Interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2000, 38(5): 2202-2212.
[6] FERRETTI A, PRATI C, ROCCA F. Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2001, 39(1): 8-20.
[7] HOOPER A, ZEBKER H, SEGALL P, et al. A New Method for Measuring Deformation on Volcanoes and other Natural Terrains Using InSAR Persistent Scatterers[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31(23): L23611.
[8] BERARDINO P, FORNARO G, LANARI R, et al. A New Algorithm for Surface Deformation Monitoring Based on Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferograms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2002, 40(11): 2375-2383.
[9] 宫辉力, 张有全, 李小娟, 等. 基于永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术的北京市地面沉降研究[J]. 自然科学进展, 2009, 19(11): 1261-1266. GONG Huili, ZHANG Youquan, LI Xiaojuan, et al. Research on the Land Subsidence of Beijing Based on PS-InSAR Technology[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2009, 19(11): 1261-1266.
[10] 陈蓓蓓, 宫辉力, 李小娟, 等. 基于InSAR技术北京地区地面沉降监测与风险分析[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2011, 27(2): 16-20. CHEN Beibei, GONG Huili, LI Xiaojuan, et al. Monitoring and Risk Analysis of Land Subsidence in Beijing Based on Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Technique[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2011, 27(2): 16-20.
[11] 范景辉, 郭华东, 郭小方, 等. 基于相干目标的干涉图叠加方法监测天津地区地面沉降[J]. 遥感学报, 2008, 12(1): 111-118. FAN Jinghui, GUO Huadong, GUO Xiaofang, et al. Monitoring Subsidence in Tianjin Area Using Interferogram Stacking Based on Coherent Targets[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2008, 12(1): 111-118.
[12] LUO Qingli, PERISSIN D, LIN Hui, et al. Subsidence Monitoring of Tianjin Suburbs by TerraSAR-X Persistent Scatterers Interferometry[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2014, 7(5): 1642-1650.
[13] LIU Guoxiang, JIA Hongguo, NIE Yunju, et al. Detecting Subsidence in Coastal Areas by Ultrashort-baseline TCPInSAR on the Time Series of High-resolution TerraSAR-X Images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52(4): 1911-1923.
[14] 葛大庆, 王艳, 郭小方, 等. 利用短基线差分干涉纹图集监测地表形变场[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2008, 28(2): 61-66. GE Daqing, WANG Yan, GUO Xiaofang, et al. Surface Deformation Field Monitoring by Use of Small-baseline Differential Interferograms Stack[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2008, 28(2): 61-66.
[15] 葛大庆, 王艳, 郭小方, 等. 基于相干点目标的多基线D-InSAR技术与地表形变监测[J]. 遥感学报, 2007, 11(4): 574-580. GE Daqing, WANG Yan, GUO Xiaofang, et al. Surface Deformation Monitoring with Multi-baseline D-InSAR Based on Coherent Point Target[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2007, 11(4): 574-580.
[16] 张玲, 葛大庆, 郭小方, 等. 近十年来沧州地区地面沉降演化状况[J]. 上海国土资源, 2014, 35(4): 72-75, 80. ZHANG Ling, GE Daqing, GUO Xiaofang, et al. Land Subsidence in Cangzhou over the Last Decade Based on Interferometric Time Series Analysis[J]. Shanghai Land & Resources, 2014, 35(4): 72-75, 80.
[17] KETELAAR G, VAN LEIJEN F, MARINKOVIC P, et al. Multi-Track PS-InSAR: Datum Connection and Reliability Assessment[C]//Proceedings of Envisat Symposium 2007. Montreux, Switzerland: ESA Communication Production Office, 2007.
[18] 张永红, 吴宏安, 孙广通. 时间序列InSAR技术中的形变模型研究[J]. 测绘学报, 2012, 41(6): 864-869. ZHANG Yonghong, WU Hong'an, SUN Guangtong. Deformation Model of Time Series Interferometric SAR Techniques[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2012, 41(6): 864-869.
[19] MORA O, MALLORQUI J J, BROQUETAS A. Linear and Nonlinear Terrain Deformation Maps from a Reduced Set of Interferometric SAR Images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003, 41(10): 2243-2253.
[20] HOOPER A, SEGALL P, ZEBKER H. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Crustal Deformation Analysis, with Application to Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2007, 112(B7): B07407.
[21] ZHANG Lei, DING Xiaoli, LU Zhong. Modeling PSInSAR Time Series without Phase Unwrapping[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2011, 49(1): 547-556.
[22] 张永红, 张继贤, 龚文瑜, 等. 基于SAR干涉点目标分析技术的城市地表形变监测[J]. 测绘学报, 2009, 38(6): 482-487. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2009.06.003. ZHANG Yonghong, ZHANG Jixian, GONG Wenyu, et al. Monitoring Urban Subsidence Based on SAR Interferometric Point Target Analysis[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2009, 38(6): 482-487. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2009.06.003.
[23] 吴宏安, 张永红, 陈晓勇, 等. 基于小基线DInSAR技术监测太原市2003~2009年地表形变场[J]. 地球物理学报, 2011, 54(3): 673-680. WU Hong'an, ZHANG Yonghong, CHEN Xiaoyong, et al. Ground Deformation Monitoring Using Small Baseline DInSAR Technique: A Case Study in Taiyuan City from 2003 to 2009[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2011, 54(3): 673-680.
