“天问一号”探测器轨道确定及精度评估

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2024.20230126

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“天问一号”是我国首个自主火星探测任务，高精度轨道确定是圆满完成工程任务和科学数据分析的基础。针对“天问一号”不同飞行阶段的轨道特性、力学环境及测量水平，本文采用不同策略进行轨道确定并评估精度，在地火转移阶段轨道精度优于4 km，环火停泊阶段轨道精度优于1 km，中继通信阶段轨道精度优于100 m；双程测距数据精度约为0.5 m，1 s积分双程测速数据精度约为0.2 mm/s，VLBI时延数据精度约为0.3 ns。“天问一号”定轨精度主要受到太阳光压和姿控模型误差影响，在定轨过程中求解光压系数和经验加速度十分必要。“天问一号”探测器光压系数与经验加速度存在一定程度的耦合，需要添加先验约束信息。

关键词: 天问一号, 精密定轨, 太阳光压, 姿控推力

Abstract:

For China's first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, high accuracy orbit determination is the cornerstone for fulfilling engineering goals and scientific exploratory objectives. This study adopts a variety of orbit determination approaches based on the characteristics of the orbit, the dynamic environment, and the observational quality of different stages. It then evaluates the orbit accuracy by comparing overlapping arcs. Modeling errors for solar radiation pressure and attitude control thrust are the main obstacles preventing the high accuracy orbit of Tianwen-1. Some model errors can be removed by resolving the solar radiation pressure coefficient and empirical acceleration parameters during the orbit determination estimation. However, because of the special spacecraft attitude, the combined estimation of the solar radiation pressure coefficient and empirical acceleration parameters leads a clear coupling relationship, but adding a priori constraint information is a way to decrease the correlation between them. In the interplanetary cruise stage, the orbit accuracy is better than 4 km, 1 km in the parking stage, and 100 m in the relay communication stage, according to the results of an overlapping orbit. Furthermore, the accuracy of two-way range measurement is about 0.5 m, the two-way Doppler measurement is about 0.2 mm/s at 1 s integration time, and the VLBI delay measurement is around 0.3 ns.

Key words: Tianwen-1, precise orbit determination, solar pressure, attitude control thrust

中图分类号:

P228

满海钧, 曹建峰, 鞠冰, 李勰, 孔静, 刘山洪. “天问一号”探测器轨道确定及精度评估[J]. 测绘学报, 2024, 53(7): 1288-1297.

Haijun MAN, Jianfeng CAO, Bing JU, Xie LI, Jing KONG, Shanhong LIU. Orbit determination and accuracy evaluation of Tianwen-1 probe[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2024, 53(7): 1288-1297.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

参考文献 26

[1]	赵宇鴳, 周迪圣, 李雄耀, 等. 国际火星探测科学目标演变与未来展望[J]. 科学通报, 2020, 65(23):2439-2453.
	ZHAO Yuyan, ZHOU Disheng, LI Xiongyao, et al. The evolution of scientific goals for Mars exploration and future prospects[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2020, 65(23):2439-2453.
[2]	FARLEY K A, WILLIFORD K H, STACK K M, et al. Mars 2020 mission overview[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2020, 216(8):142.
[3]	吴季, 朱光武, 赵华, 等. 萤火一号火星探测计划的科学目标[J]. 空间科学学报, 2009, 29(5):449-455.
	WU Ji, ZHU Guangwu, ZHAO Hua, et al. Overview of scientific objectives of China-Russia joint Mars exploration program YH-1[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2009, 29(5):449-455.
[4]	耿言, 周继时, 李莎, 等. 我国首次火星探测任务[J]. 深空探测学报, 2018, 5(5):399-405.
	GENG Yan, ZHOU Jishi, LI Sha, et al. A brief introduction of the first Mars exploration mission in China[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2018, 5(5):399-405.
[5]	ANTREASIAN P G, BAIRD D T, BORDER J S, et al. 2001 Mars odyssey orbit determination during interplanetary cruise[J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2005, 42(3):394-405.
[6]	ZUREK R W, SMREKAR S E. An overview of the Mars reconnaissance orbiter (MRO) science mission[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets), 2007, 112(E5):E05S01.
[7]	PÄTZOLD M, HÄUSLER B, TYLER G L, et al. Mars express 10 years at Mars: observations by the Mars express radio science experiment (Mars)[J]. Planetary and Space Science, 2016, 127:44-90.
[8]	KONOPLIV A S, ASMAR S W, FOLKNER W M, et al. Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters[J]. Icarus, 2011, 211(1):401-428.
[9]	曹建峰, 黄勇, 胡小工, 等. 利用中国VLBI网实现对“火星快车” 的测定轨[J]. 科学通报, 2010, 55(S2):2559-2566.
	CAO Jianfeng, HUANG Yong, HU Xiaogong, et al. Using China VLBI network to realize the orbit determination of “Mars Express” [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(S2):2559-2566.
[10]	董光亮, 李海涛, 郝万宏, 等. 中国深空测控系统建设与技术发展[J]. 深空探测学报, 2018, 5(2):99-114.
	DONG Guangliang, LI Haitao, HAO Wanhong, et al. Development and future of China's deep space TT & C system[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2018, 5(2):99-114.
[11]	黄勇, 胡小工, 曹建锋, 等. 上海天文台火星卫星定轨软件系统[J]. 飞行器测控学报, 2009, 28(6):83-89.
	HUANG Yong, HU Xiaogong, CAO Jianfeng, et al. The Mars satellite orbit determination software at Shanghai astronomical observatory[J]. Journal of Spacecraft TT&C Technology, 2009, 28(6):83-89.
[12]	李培佳, 黄勇, 樊敏, 等. 嫦娥五号探测器交会对接段定轨精度研究[J]. 中国科学：物理学力学天文学, 2021, 51(11):66-77.
	LI Peijia, HUANG Yong, FAN Min, et al. Orbit determination for Chang'e-5 mission in rendezvous and docking[J]. Scientia Sinica (Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica), 2021, 51(11):66-77.
[13]	叶茂, 李斐, 鄢建国, 等. 深空探测器精密定轨与重力场解算系统(WUDOGS)及其应用分析[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(3):288-296. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2022.20220139.
	YE Mao, LI Fei, YAN Jianguo, et al. Wuhan university deep-space orbit determination and gravity recovery system (WUDOGS) and its application analysis[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(3):288-296. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2022.20220139.
[14]	鄢建国, 李斐, 平劲松. 基于MGS测图段部分弧段的精密定轨及火星重力场模型解算[J]. 测绘学报, 2010, 39(5):484-490, 496.
	YAN Jianguo, LI Fei, PING Jinsong. Precision orbit determination of MGS mapping phase arcs and Martian gravity field model solution[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2010, 39(5):484-490, 496.
[15]	刘山洪, 鄢建国, 杨轩, 等. 天问一号拓展任务对火星低阶重力场解算的潜在贡献分析[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2023, 48(1):58-64.
	LIU Shanhong, YAN Jianguo, YANG Xuan, et al. Potential contribution of Tianwen-1 extended mission to Mars low-order gravity field[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2023, 48(1):58-64.
[16]	ZHANG Rongqiao, LIU Shanhong, LI Haitao, et al. Martian gravity field recovery based on the Tianwen-1 mission data[J]. Scientia Sinica Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica, 2023, 53(8):289512.
[17]	胡松杰, 唐歌实. 北京中心深空探测器精密定轨与分析软件系统[J]. 飞行器测控学报, 2010, 29(5):69-74.
	HU Songjie, TANG Geshi. BACC orbit determination and analysis software for deep-space explorers[J]. Journal of Spacecraft TT&C Technology, 2010, 29(5):69-74.
[18]	段建锋, 刘勇, 李勰, 等. “嫦娥4号” 中继星任务轨道确定问题初探[J]. 深空探测学报, 2018, 5(6):531-538.
	DUAN Jianfeng, LIU Yong, LI Xie, et al. Preliminary study on the orbit determination of Chang'e-4 lunar relay satellite mission[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2018, 5(6):531-538.
[19]	LIU Shanhong, CAO Jianfeng, YAN Jianguo, et al. An independent degree-eight Mars gravity field model and the expected results from the Tianwen-1 mission[J]. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2023, 23(10):105006.
[20]	黄勇, 昌胜骐, 李培佳, 等. “嫦娥三号” 月球探测器的轨道确定和月面定位[J]. 科学通报, 2014, 59(23):2268-2277.
	HUANG Yong, CHANG Shengqi, LI Peijia, et al. Orbit determination of Chang'e-3 and positioning of the lander and the rover[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2014, 59(23):2268-2277.
[21]	曹建峰, 张宇, 陈略, 等. 利用多普勒测量确定嫦娥四号着陆器精密定轨[J]. 宇航学报, 2020, 41(7):920-925.
	CAO Jianfeng, ZHANG Yu, CHEN Lue, et al. Orbit determination of Chang'e-4 lander using Doppler measurement[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2020, 41(7):920-925.
[22]	张宇, 曹建峰, 段建锋, 等. 嫦娥三号探测器连续姿控的轨道动力学模型补偿及实现[J]. 宇航学报, 2015, 36(5):489-495.
	ZHANG Yu, CAO Jianfeng, DUAN Jianfeng, et al. Orbit dynamics model compensation and implementation for continuous attitude control of Chang'e 3 probe[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2015, 36(5):489-495.
[23]	MOYER T D. Formulation for observed and computed values of deep space network data types for navigation[M]. Hoboken: Wiley, 2003.
[24]	曹建峰, 黄勇, 刘磊, 等. 深空探测器三程多普勒建模与算法实现[J]. 宇航学报, 2017, 38(3):304-309.
	CAO Jianfeng, HUANG Yong, LIU Lei, et al. Modeling and algorithm realization of three-way Doppler for deep space exploration[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2017, 38(3):304-309.
[25]	曹建峰, 李勰, 鞠冰, 等. 太阳系多星精密定轨软件[J]. 深空探测学报, 2022, 9(5):532-541.
	CAO Jianfeng, LI Xie, JU Bing, et al. Multi-satellite precision orbit determination and data analysis software in solar system[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2022, 9(5):532-541.
[26]	ANDERSEN P H, AKSNES K, SKONNORD H. Precise ERS-2 orbit determination using SLR, PRARE, and RA observations[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 1998, 72(7):421-429.

项目	模型设置
中心天体	太阳（地火转移段）、火星（火星环绕段）
N体摄动	太阳、地球、月球、大行星，采用DE436历表火卫一、火卫二，采用SPICE（Mars_097.bsp）历表
火星非球形引力	JGMRO_120d模型
太阳辐射压	固定面质比模型
火星大气	火星季节数据库MCD5.3
相对论效应	一阶后牛顿效应
经验力	R、T、N方向，常值经验加速度模型

轨道事件	时间（BJT）	对地距离/km
第1次中途修正TCM1	2020-08-02T07：00	3.0×10⁶
第2次中途修正TCM2	2020-09-20T23：00	1.9×10⁷
深空机动DSM	2020-10-09T23：00	2.94×10⁷
第3次中途修正TCM3	2020-10-28T22：00	4.40×10⁷
第4次中途修正TCM4	2021-02-05T20：00	1.84×10⁸
近火捕获（MOI）	2021-02-10T20：00	1.92×10⁸