统一于地固参考系的高程基准重力场理论基础与经典概念更新

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2025.20250102

测绘学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (9): 1561-1571.doi: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2025.20250102

统一于地固参考系的高程基准重力场理论基础与经典概念更新

章传银¹^,²^,³(), 蒋涛¹^,²^,³(), 柯宝贵¹^,²^,³

^1.中国测绘科学研究院空间基准全国重点实验室，北京　100036
^2.北京房山人卫激光国家野外科学观测研究站，北京　100036
^3.中国测绘科学研究院，北京　100036

收稿日期:2025-03-12 修回日期:2025-07-15 出版日期:2025-10-10 发布日期:2025-10-10
通讯作者: 蒋涛 E-mail:zhangchy@casm.ac.cn;jiangtao@casm.ac.cn
作者简介:章传银（1968—），男，博士，研究员，博士生导师，研究方向为大地测量学与地球重力场。E-mail：zhangchy@casm.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB3900200);中国测绘科学研究院基本科研业务费项目

Theoretical foundation of gravity field and improvement of classical concepts for geodetic height datum unified in the terrestrial reference system

Chuanyin ZHANG¹^,²^,³(), Tao JIANG¹^,²^,³(), Baogui KE¹^,²^,³

^1.State Key Laboratory of Spatial Datum, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China
^2.Beijing Fangshan Satellite Laser Ranging National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100036, China
^3.Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China

Received:2025-03-12 Revised:2025-07-15 Online:2025-10-10 Published:2025-10-10
Contact: Tao JIANG E-mail:zhangchy@casm.ac.cn;jiangtao@casm.ac.cn
About author:ZHANG Chuanyin (1968—), male, PhD, researcher, PhD supervisor, majors in geodesy and geodynamics. E-mail: zhangchy@casm.ac.cn
Supported by:
The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3900200);Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses Project of Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统地面大地测量时代建立起来的高程基准理论，难以全面适应地球重力场与卫星大地测量高速发展的需要。本文严格依据几何物理大地测量学原理与大地测量基准性要求，通过研究将物理大地测量要素和概念统一到地固参考系中所需的理论基础和实现原理，简明演绎高程基准与地球参考系、重力场之间的理论和逻辑关系，从而重新审视高程基准的一些经典概念。本文主要结论及其具体大地测量学依据如下：①论证了若忽略大地水准面的几何形变，则无论是正高系统、正常高系统，还是重力位数系统，高程起算面都是大地水准面，说明解析正高比其他类型正高更适合高程基准目的。②严格依据大地测量学的基准性要求，丰富了地固参考系中高程基准的重力场理论基础，导出GNSS代替水准测量的基准性条件和实现原则。③推导了空间几何物理大地测量协同的地球质心与形状极定位理论方法。该方法不依赖地球物理假设或地球动力学协议，且完全独立于地球自转运动，由大地测量学理论，科学自洽地实现地球参考系的定位定向。④推导出等正高面平行于大地水准面、正常重力场只有3个自由度的结论，并有效解决高斯约定的大地水准面与重力大地水准面的协调一致性问题。

关键词: 地固参考系, 高程系统, 高程基准, 重力场理论, 大地测量学, 基准性, 解析正高, 大地水准面

Abstract:

The current theory of geodetic height datum were mainly established during the era of traditional terrestrial geodesy, and have difficulty adapting to the rapid development of the Earth's gravity field and satellite geodesy. This paper strictly follows the principles of geometric and physical geodesy and the uniqueness and precise measurability requirements of geodetic elements and concepts, and deduces the theoretical and logical relationship among the height datum, the terrestrial reference system and the gravity field concisely and clearly by conducting scientific research on the theoretical foundations and implementation principles necessary for unifying the elements of physical geodesy into the terrestrial reference system, and then re-examines some classical concepts of the height datum. The paper presents the following main results and their specific geodetic evidences. ①It is demonstrated that whether it is the orthometric height, normal height or geopotential number system, the height starting datum surface is the geoid if the deformation of the geoid is ignored, and it is pointed out that the analytical orthometric height is more suitable for the purpose of the height datum than other types of orthometric heights. ②The theoretical foundation of the gravity field for the geodetic height datum unified in the terrestrial reference system is improved, and the geodetic datum conditions and technical implementation principles for the GNSS replacing leveling technology are derived. ③The theoretical method of Earth's center of mass and shape polar positioning based on space geometric and physical geodesy is derived. Which neither relies on geophysical assumptions or geodynamic protocols, nor on the principle of earth rotation and its dynamics, but rather realizes scientifically the positioning and orientation of the terrestrial reference system only based on the theory of geodesy. ④It is demonstrated that the surfaces of orthometric equi-height are parallel to the geoid and the normal gravity field can be fully determined with only three parameters. Thus the trouble of coordination and consistency between the geoid defined by the Gaussian convention and the gravity geoid has been effectively solved.

Key words: terrestrial reference system, height system, height datum, theory of Earth's gravity field, geodesy, uniqueness and precise measurability, analytical orthometric height, geoid

中图分类号:

P223

章传银, 蒋涛, 柯宝贵. 统一于地固参考系的高程基准重力场理论基础与经典概念更新[J]. 测绘学报, 2025, 54(9): 1561-1571.

Chuanyin ZHANG, Tao JIANG, Baogui KE. Theoretical foundation of gravity field and improvement of classical concepts for geodetic height datum unified in the terrestrial reference system[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2025, 54(9): 1561-1571.

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次数
m=0	－484.165 143 791	—
m=1	－0.000 206 616	0.001 384 414
m=2	2.439 383 573	－1.400 273 704

地球重力位模型	约定值a/m		W_G=U₀/m²/s²	潮汐系统
EGM2008	6 378 136.30	－4.841 651 437 91	62 636 858.392	无潮汐
EIGEN-6C4	6 378 136.46	－4.841 652 170 61	62 636 856.834	零潮汐
SGG-UGM2	6 378 136.30	－4.841 687 322 75	62 636 858.644	零潮汐
GOCO05c	6 378 136.30	－4.841 694 588 43	62 636 858.694	零潮汐
XGM2019	6 378 136.30	－4.841 694 947 48	62 636 858.697	零潮汐

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统一于地固参考系的高程基准重力场理论基础与经典概念更新

Theoretical foundation of gravity field and improvement of classical concepts for geodetic height datum unified in the terrestrial reference system

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