Progress in Analysis to Remote Sensed Thermal Abnormity with Fault Activity and Seismogenic Process

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170347

Abstract

Abstract: Research to the remote sensed thermal abnormity with fault activity and seismogenic process is a vital topic of the Earth observation and remote sensing application. It is presented that a systematic review on the international researches on the topic during the past 30 years, in the respects of remote sensing data applications, anomaly analysis methods, and mechanism understanding. Firstly, the outlines of remote sensing data applications are given including infrared brightness temperature, microwave brightness temperature, outgoing longwave radiation, and assimilated data from multiple earth observations. Secondly, three development phases are summarized as qualitative analysis based on visual interpretation, quantitative analysis based on image processing, and multi-parameter spatio-temporal correlation analysis. Thirdly, the theoretical hypotheses presented for the mechanism understanding are introduced including earth degassing, stress-induced heat, crustal rock battery conversion, latent heat release due to radon decay as well as multi-spheres coupling effect. Finally, three key directions of future research on this topic are proposed:anomaly recognizing by remote sensing monitoring and data analysis for typical tectonic activity areas; anomaly mechanism understanding based on earthquake-related earth system responses; spatio-temporal correlation analysis of air-based, space-based and ground-based stereoscopic observations.

Key words: earth observation, earthquake remote sensing, fault activity, thermal anomaly, anomaly recognizing, mechanism understanding, spatio-temporal correlation analysis

CLC Number:

P237

WU Lixin, QIN Kai, LIU Shanjun. Progress in Analysis to Remote Sensed Thermal Abnormity with Fault Activity and Seismogenic Process[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1470-1481.

References

[1] 马宗晋, 傅征祥, 张郢珍, 等. 1966-1976年中国九大地震[M]. 北京:地震出版社, 1982. MA Zongjin, FU Zhengxiang, ZHANG Yingzhen, et al. Nine Earthquakes in China between 1966 and 1976[M]. Beijing:Earthquake Press, 1982.
[2] 徐秀登, 强祖基, 赁常恭, 等. 1976年唐山地震前地面增温异常[J]. 科学通报, 1992, 37(18):1684-1687. QIANG Zuji, XU Xiudeng, DIAN Changgong, et al. Ground Temperature-increase Anomalies before 1976 Tangshan Earthquake[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1993, 38(11):940-946.
[3] MIL'KIS M R. Meteorological Precursors of Earthquakes[J]. Izvestiya, Earth Physics, 1986, 22(2):195-204.
[4] GORNY V I, SALMAN A G, TRONIN A A, et al. The Earth Outgoing IR Radiation as an Indicator of Seismic Activity[J]. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1988, 30(1):67-69.
[5] 马瑾, 单新建. 利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索——以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例[J]. 地震地质, 2000, 22(3):210-215. MA Jin, SHAN Xinjian. An Attempt to Study Fault Activity Using Remote Sensing Technology:A Case of the Mani Earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2000, 22(3):210-215.
[6] 强祖基, 徐秀登, 赁常恭. 卫星热红外异常——临震前兆[J]. 科学通报, 1990, 35(17):1324-1327. QIANG Zuji, XU Xiudeng, DIAN Changgong. Satellite Infrared Thermo-anomaly:Earthquake Imminent Precursor[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1990, 35(17):1324-1327.
[7] 徐秀登, 强祖基, 赁常恭. 卫星热红外图像与震兆异常——澜沧地震前热红外图像的启示[J]. 环境遥感, 1991, 6(4):261-266. XU Xiudeng, QIANG Zuji, DIAN Changgong. The Satellite Thermal Infrared Image and Earthquake Precursory Anomaly-inspiration from Thermal Infrared Image Prior to Lancang Earthquake[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment China, 1991, 6(4):261-266.
[8] 徐秀登, 强祖基, 赁常恭. 临震卫星热红外异常与地面增温异常[J]. 科学通报, 1991, 36(4):291-294. XU Xiudeng, QIANG Zuji, DIAN Changgong. Satellite Thermal Infrared Abnormal and Land Surface Temperature Increasment before Shocking[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1991, 36(4):291-294.
[9] 赁常恭, 王宣吉, 强祖基. 卫星热红外异常增温与常熟临震前兆[J]. 科学通报, 1992, 37(9):821-824. DIAN Changgong, WANG Xuanji, QIANG Zuji. Abnormal Increase of Satellite Thermal Infrared Temperature and Changshu Earthquake Precursor[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1992, 37(9):821-824.
[10] 强祖基, 赁常恭, 李玲芝, 等. 卫星热红外图像亮温异常——短临震兆[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 1998, 28(6):564-573. QIANG Zuji, DIAN Changgong, LI Lingzhi, et al. Satellitic Thermal Infrared Brightness Temperature Anomaly Image:Short-term and Impending Earthquake Precursors[J]. Science in China (Series D), 1999, 42(3):313-324.
[11] 陈顺云, 马瑾, 刘力强, 等. 巴基斯坦地震前热红外辐射增强现象[J]. 自然科学进展, 2006, 16(11):1487-1490. CHEN Shunyun, MA Jin, LIU Liqiang, et al. Thermal Infrared Radiation Enhancement before Pakistan Earthquake[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2006, 16(11):1487-1490.
[12] 钟美娇, 张元生. 2005年10月8日巴基斯坦7.8级地震热红外异常[J]. 西北地震学报, 2007, 29(2):137-140. ZHONG Meijiao, ZHANG Yuansheng. Thermal Infrared Anomaly before Pakistan Earthquake (M_S=7.8) on October 8, 2005[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 2007, 29(2):137-140.
[13] TRONIN A A. Satellite Thermal Survey:A New Tool for the Study of Seismoactive Regions[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1996, 17(8):1439-1455.
[14] TRONIN A A. Thermal IR Satellite Sensor Data Application for Earthquake Research in China[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2000, 21(16):3169-3177.
[15] TRONIN A A, HAYAKAWA M, MOLCHANOV O A. Thermal IR Satellite Data Application for Earthquake Research in Japan and China[J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 2002, 33(4-5):519-534.
[16] TRONIN A A, BIAGI P F, MOLCHANOV O A, et al. Temperature Variations Related to Earthquakes from Simultaneous Observation at the Ground Stations and by Satellites in Kamchatka Area[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2004, 29(4-9):501-506.
[17] SARAF A K, CHOUDHURY S. Cover:Satellite Detects Surface Thermal Anomalies Associated with the Algerian Earthquakes of May 2003[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2005, 26(13):2705-2713.
[18] SARAF A K, CHOUDHURY S. Cover:NOAA-AVHRR Detects Thermal Anomaly Associated with the 26 January 2001 Bhuj Earthquake, Gujarat, India[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2005, 26(6):1065-1073.
[19] SARAF A K, RAWAT V, BANERJEE P, et al. Satellite Detection of Earthquake Thermal Infrared Precursors in Iran[J]. Natural Hazards, 2008, 47(1):119-135.
[20] SARAF A K, RAWAT V, DAS J, et al. Satellite Detection of Thermal Precursors of Yamnotri, Ravar and Dalbandin Earthquakes[J]. Natural Hazards, 2012, 61(2):861-872.
[21] CHOUDHURY S, DASGUPTA S, SARAF A K, et al. Remote Sensing Observations of Pre-earthquake Thermal Anomalies in Iran[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006, 27(20):4381-4396.
[22] PANDA S K, CHOUDHURY S, SARAF A K, et al. MODIS Land Surface Temperature Data Detects Thermal Anomaly Preceding 8 October 2005 Kashmir Earthquake[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2007, 28(20):4587-4596.
[23] RAWAT V, SARAF A K, DAS J, et al. Anomalous Land Surface Temperature and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation Observations Prior to Earthquakes in India and Romania[J]. Natural Hazards, 2011, 59(1):33-46.
[24] OUZOUNOV D, FREUND F. Mid-Infrared Emission Prior to Strong Earthquakes Analyzed by Remote Sensing Data[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2004, 33(3):268-273.
[25] OUZOUNOV D, BRYANT N, LOGAN T, et al. Satellite Thermal IR Phenomena Associated with Some of the Major Earthquakes in 1999-2003[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2006, 31(4-9):154-163.
[26] TRAMUTOLI V, DI BELLO G, PERGOLA N, et al. Robust Satellite Techniques for Remote Sensing of Seismically Active Areas[J]. Annali di Geofisica, 2001, 44(2):295-312.
[27] TRAMUTOLI V, CUOMO V, FILIZZOLA C, et al. Assessing the Potential of Thermal Infrared Satellite Surveys for Monitoring Seismically Active Areas:The Case of Kocaeli (Izmit) Earthquake, August 17, 1999[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005, 96(3-4):409-426.
[28] 马瑾, 汪一鹏, 陈顺云, 等. 卫星热红外信息与断层活动关系讨论[J]. 自然科学进展, 2005, 15(12):1467-1475. MA Jin, WANG Yipeng, CHEN Shunyun, et al. Discussion on the Relationship between Satellite Thermal Infrared Information and Fault Activity[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2005, 15(12):1467-1475.
[29] 马瑾, 陈顺云, 刘培洵, 等. 用卫星热红外信息研究关联断层活动的时空变化——以南北地震构造带为例[J]. 地球物理学报, 2006, 49(3):816-823. MA Jin, CHEN Shunyun, LIU Peixun, et al. Temporal-spatial Variations of Associated Faulting Inferred from Satellite Infrared Information:A Case Study of the N-S Seismo-Tectonic Zone in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006, 49(3):816-823.
[30] 孙洪斌, 张晓东. 长波辐射与地震关系探讨[J]. 高原地震, 1990, 2(4):68-73. SUN Hongbin, ZHANG Xiaodong. Discussion on the Relationship between Seismic Long Wave Radiation and Earthquake[J]. Plateau Earthquake Research, 1990, 2(4):68-73.
[31] 刘德富, 康春丽. 地球长波辐射(OLR)遥感与重大自然灾害预测[J]. 地学前缘, 2003, 10(2):427-435. LIU Defu, KANG Chunli. Predicting Heavy Disasters by Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) of the Earth[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2003, 10(2):427-435.
[32] OUZOUNOV D, LIU Defu, KANG Chunli, et al. Outgoing Long Wave Radiation Variability from IR Satellite Data Prior to Major Earthquakes[J]. Tectonophysics, 2007, 431(1-4):211-220.
[33] MAEDA T, TAKANO T. Discrimination of Local and Faint Changes from Satellite-borne Microwave-radiometer Data[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2008, 46(9):2684-2691.
[34] TAKANO T, MAEDA T. Experiment and Theoretical Study of Earthquake Detection Capability by Means of Microwave Passive Sensors on a Satellite[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2009, 6(1):107-111.
[35] 陈昊, 金亚秋. 星载微波辐射计对玉树地震岩石破裂辐射异常的初步检测[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2010, 25(6):860-866. CHEN Hao, JIN Yaqiu. A Preliminary Detection of Anomalous Radiation of Rock Failures Related with Yushu Earthquake by Using Satellite-borne Microwave Radiometers[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2010, 25(6):860-866.
[36] MA Yuntao, LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, et al. Two-step Method to Extract Seismic Microwave Radiation Anomaly:Case Study of M_S 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Earthquake Science, 2011, 24(6):577-582.
[37] 黄春林, 李新. 陆面数据同化系统的研究综述[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2004, 19(5):424-430. HUANG Chunlin, LI Xin. A Review of Land Data Assimilation System[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2004, 19(5):424-430.
[38] 赵天保, 符淙斌, 柯宗建, 等. 全球大气再分析资料的研究现状与进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(3):242-254. ZHAO Tianbao, FU Congbin, KE Zongjian, et al. Global Atmosphere Reanalysis Datasets:Current Status and Recent Advances[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010, 25(3):242-254.
[39] 马未宇, 徐秀登, 张行才, 等. NCEP温度图像与天体引潮力附加构造应力结合作地震短临预测初探——以2003年7-8月3次西藏地震为例[J]. 地震地质, 2006, 28(3):447-455. MA Weiyu, XU Xiudeng, ZHANG Xingcai, et al. A Preliminary Study on the Use of NCEP Temperature Images and Astro-tidal-triggering to Forecast Short-impending Earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2006, 28(3):447-455.
[40] DEY S, SINGH R P. Surface Latent Heat Flux as An Earthquake Precursor[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2003, 3(6):749-755.
[41] 陈梅花, 邓志辉, 杨竹转, 等. 2004年印度尼西亚9级大地震前的潜热通量异常[J]. 科学通报, 2006, 51(1):118-120. CHEN Meihua, DENG Zhihui, YANG Zhuzhuan, et al. Surface Latent Heat Flux Anomalies Prior to the Indonesia M_w9.0 Earthquake of 2004[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(8):1010-1013.
[42] 李金平, 吴立新, 温志勇, 等. 中国沿海和内陆强震前地表潜热通量异常特征[J]. 科技导报, 2008, 26(5):40-45. LI Jinping, WU Lixin, WEN Zhiyong, et al. Studies on Abnormal Surface Latent Heat Flux Prior to Major Coastal and Terrestrial Earthquakes in China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2008, 26(5):40-45.
[43] QIN Kai, GUO Guangmeng, WU Lixin. Surface Latent Heat Flux Anomalies Preceding Inland Earthquakes in China[J] Earthquake Science, 2009, 22(5):555-562.
[44] SINGH R P, MEHDI W, GAUTAM R, et al. Precursory Signals Using Satellite and Ground Data Associated with the Wenchuan Earthquake of 12 May 2008[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010, 31(13):3341-3354.
[45] JING F, SHEN X H, KANG C L, et al. Variations of Multi-Parameter Observations in Atmosphere Related to Earthquake[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2013, 13(1):27-33.
[46] QIN K, WU L X, DE SANTIS A, et al. Quasi-synchronous Multi-parameter Anomalies Associated with the 2010-2011 New Zealand Earthquake Sequence[J]. Natural Hazards Earth System Sciences, 2012, 12(4):1059-1072.
[47] WU Lixin, QIN Kai, LIU Shanjun. GEOSS-based Thermal Parameters Analysis for Earthquake Anomaly Recognition[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012, 100(10):2891-2907.
[48] WU Lixin, ZHENG Shuo, DE SANTIS A, et al. Geosphere Coupling and Hydrothermal Anomalies before the 2009M_w 6.3 L'Aquila Earthquake in Italy[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2016, 16(8):1859-1880.
[49] BLACKETT M, WOOSTER M J, MALAMUD B D. Exploring Land Surface Temperature Earthquake Precursors:A Focus on the Gujarat (India) Earthquake of 2001[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(15):1530-1535.
[50] QIN Kai, WU Lixin, DE SANTIS A, et al. Preliminary Analysis of Surface Temperature Anomalies that Preceded the Two Major Emilia 2012 Earthquakes (Italy)[J]. Annals of Geophysics, 2012, 55(4):823-828.
[51] XIONG Pan, SHEN Xuhui. Outgoing Longwave Radiation Anomalies Analysis Associated with Different Types of Seismic Activity[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2017, 59(5):1408-1415.
[52] 李金平, 吴立新, 刘善军, 等. 强震前热红外异常识别方法与定量分析模型[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2008, 37(6):808-813. LI Jinping, WU Lixin, LIU Shanjun, et al. Pre-Earthquake Thermal Infrared Anomaly Recognition Method and Quantitative Analysis Model[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2008, 37(6):808-813.
[53] 吴立新, 李金平, 刘善军. 基于基准场的地震红外异常分析技术[J]. 地震, 2009, 29(S1):26-33. WU Lixin, LI Jinping, LIU Shanjun. Infrared Anomaly Analysis Based on Reference Fields for Earthquake Remote Sensing[J]. Earthquake, 2009, 29(S1):26-33.
[54] 康春丽, 刘德富, 荆凤, 等. 大地震红外辐射异常信息时空特征分析[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2011, 26(6):1897-1905. KANG Chunli, LIU Defu, JING Feng, et al. Study on the Indication of Infrared Radiation Prior to Impending Strong Earthquakes[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2011, 26(6):1897-1905.
[55] 刘培洵, 刘力强, 陈顺云, 等. 从红外遥感图像提取地下热信息的透热指数法[J]. 地震地质, 2004, 26(3):519-527. LIU Peixun, LIU Liqiang, CHEN Shunyun, et al. Heat Penetrability Index (HPI) Method for Distilling Subsurface Thermal Information from Satellite Infrared Images[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2004, 26(3):519-527.
[56] PIRODDI L, RANIERI G. Night Thermal Gradient:A New Potential Tool for Earthquake Precursors Studies[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2012, 5(1):307-312.
[57] 陈顺云, 刘培洵, 刘力强, 等. 地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义[J]. 地球物理学报, 2006, 49(3):824-830. CHEN Shunyun, LIU Peixun, LIU liqiang, et al. Wavelet Analysis of Thermal Infrared Radiation of Land Surface and Its Implementation in the Study of Current Tectonic Activities[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006, 49(3):824-830.
[58] 王亚丽, 陈桂华, 康春丽, 等. 利用小波包分析进行地震相关热红外辐射异常信息检测[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2008, 23(2):368-374. WANG Yali, CHEN Guihua, KANG Chunli, et al. Earthquake-related Thermal-Infrared Abnormity Detection with Wavelet Packet Decomposition[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2008, 23(2):368-374.
[59] CERVONE G, KAFATOS M, NAPOLETANI D, et al. Wavelet Maxima Curves of Surface Latent Heat Flux Associated with Two Recent Greek Earthquakes[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2004, 4(3):359-374.
[60] SARADJIAN M R, AKHOONDZADEH M. Thermal Anomalies Detection before Strong Earthquakes (M>6.0) Using Interquartile, Wavelet and Kalman Filter Methods[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2011, 11(4):1099-1108.
[61] 张元生, 郭晓, 钟美娇, 等. 汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J]. 科学通报, 2010, 55(10):904-910. ZHANG Yuansheng, GUO Xiao, ZHONG Meijiao, et al. Wenchuan Earthquake:Brightness Temperature Changes from Satellite Infrared Information[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(18):1917-1924.
[62] 张元生, 郭晓, 魏从信, 等. 日本9级和缅甸7.2级地震热辐射表现特征[J]. 地球物理学报, 2011, 54(10):2575-2580. ZHANG Yuansheng, GUO Xiao, WEI Congxin, et al. The Characteristics of Seismic Thermal Radiation of Japan M_s9.0 and Myanmar M_s 7.2 Earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2011, 54(10):2575-2580.
[63] KONG Xiangzeng, BI Yaxin, GLASS D H. Detecting Seismic Anomalies in Outgoing Long-wave Radiation Data[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2015, 8(2):649-660.
[64] QIN Kai, WU Lixin, ZHENG Shuo, et al. A Deviation-Time-space-thermal (DTS-T) Method for Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) Based Earthquake Anomaly Recognition:Criterions and Quantify Indices[J]. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(10):5143-5151.
[65] 吴云, 乔学军, 周义炎. 利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2005, 25(2):36-40. WU Yun, QIAO Xuejun, ZHOU Yiyan. Preseismic Ionospheric TEC Anomaly Detected by Ground-based GPS[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2005, 25(2):36-40.
[66] 余涛, 毛田, 王云冈, 等. 汶川特大地震前电离层主要参量变化[J]. 科学通报, 2009, 54(4):493-499. YU Tao, MAO Tian, WANG Yungang, et al. Study of the Ionospheric Anomaly before the Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(6):1080-1086.
[67] 徐彤, 胡艳莉, 吴健, 等. 中国大陆14次强震前电离层异常统计分析[J]. 电波科学学报, 2012, 27(3):507-512. XU Tong, HU Yanli, WU Jian, et al. Statistical Analysis of Seismo-ionospheric Perturbation before 14M_S ≥ 7.0 Strong Earthquakes in Chinese Subcontinent[J]. Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2012, 27(3):507-512.
[68] 姚宜斌, 翟长治, 孔建, 等. 2015年尼泊尔地震的震前电离层异常探测[J]. 测绘学报, 2016, 45(4):385-395. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20150384. YAO Yibin, ZHAI Changzhi, KONG Jian, et al. The Pre-earthquake Ionosphere Anomaly of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2016, 45(4):385-395. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20150384.
[69] 杨力, 赵海山, 董明, 等. 日本九州岛地震震前电离层TEC异常[J]. 测绘学报, 2016, 45(S2):139-146. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.F035. YANG Li, ZHAO Haishan, DONG Ming, et al. Ionospheric Anomaly before Kyushu, Japan Earthquake[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2016, 45(S2):139-146. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.F035.
[70] LIU J Y, CHEN Y I, CHUO Y J, et al. Variations of Ionospheric Total Electron Content During the Chi-Chi Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28(7):1383-1386.
[71] ZHANG X, SHEN X H, LIU J, et al. 2009. Analysis of Ionospheric Plasma Perturbations before Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2009, 9(4):1259-1266.
[72] HE Liming, WU Lixin, PULINETS S, et al. A Nonlinear Background Removal Method for Seismo-ionospheric Anomaly Analysis under a Complex Solar Activity Scenario:A Case Study of the M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2012, 50(2):211-220.
[73] SHEN X H, ZHANG X, LIU J, et al. Analysis of the Enhanced Negative Correlation between Electron Density and Electron Temperature Related to Earthquakes[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2015, 33(4):471-479.
[74] CERVONE G, MAEKAWA S, SINGH R P, et al. Surface Latent Heat Flux and Nighttime LF Anomalies Prior to the M_w=8.3 Tokachi-Oki Earthquakes[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2006, 6(1):109-114.
[75] PULINETS S A, OUZOUNOV D, CIRAOLO L, et al. Thermal, Atmospheric and Ionospheric Anomalies Around the Time of the Colima M7.8 Earthquake of 21 January 2003[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2006, 24(3):835-849.
[76] QIN K, WU L X, OUYANG X Y, et al. Surface Latent Heat Flux Anomalies Quasi-synchronous with Ionospheric Disturbances before the 2007 Pu'er Earthquake in China[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2014, 53(2):266-271.
[77] ZHENG Shuo, WU Lixin, QIN Kai. Multiple Parameters Anomalies for Verifying the Geosystem Spheres Coupling Effect:A Case Study of the 2010M_S7.1 Yushu Earthquake in China[J]. Annals of Geophysics, 2014, 57(4):S0434.
[78] 强祖基, 孔令昌, 郭满红, 等. 实验室模拟卫星热红外增温机制的研究[J]. 科学通报, 1995, 40(1):96.
[79] 强祖基, 孔令昌, 郭满红, 等. 卫星热红外增温机制的实验研究[J]. 地震学报, 1997, 19(2):197-201. QIANG Zuji, KONG Lingchang, GUO Manhong, et al. An Experimental Study on Temperature Increasing Mechanism of Satellitic Thermo-infrared[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1997, 19(2):197-201.
[80] 徐秀登, 强祖基, 赁常恭. 非增温背景下的热红外异常兼机制讨论[J]. 科学通报, 1991, 36(11):841-844.
[81] 徐秀登, 徐向民, 马升灯, 等. 电场作用与大气增温效应的再试验[J]. 西北地震学报, 1997, 19(1):27-31. XU Xiudeng, XU Xiangmin, MA Shengdeng, et al. Re-experiment on the Action of the Electric Field and the Effect of the Air Temperature in Crease[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 1997, 19(1):27-31.
[82] 王志敏, 王正哲, 孔令昌, 等. 气体受激增温的实验研究[J]. 地震, 2003, 23(4):91-96. WANG Zhimin, WANG Zhengzhe, KONG Lingchang, et al. Test Research of Stimulated Temperature Rise of Gases[J]. Earthquake, 2003, 23(4):91-96.
[83] LIPEROVSKY V A, MEISTER C V, LIPEROVSKAYA E V, et al. On the Possible Influence of Radon and Aerosol Injection on the Atmosphere and Ionosphere before Earthquakes[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2005, 5(6):783-789.
[84] LIPEROVSKY V A, MEISTER C V, MIKHAILIN V V, et al. Electric Field and Infrared Radiation in the Troposphere before Earthquakes[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2011, 11(12):3125-3133.
[85] 耿乃光, 崔承禹, 邓明德. 岩石破裂实验中的遥感观测与遥感岩石力学的开端[J]. 地震学报, 1992, 11(S1):645-652.
[86] 邓明德, 耿乃光, 崔承禹, 等. 岩石应力状态改变引起岩石热状态改变的研究[J]. 中国地震, 1997, 13(2):179-185. DENG Mingde, GENG Naiguang, CUI Chengyu, et al. The Study on the Variation of Thermal State of Rocks Caused by the Variation of Stress State of Rocks[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 1997, 13(2):179-185.
[87] 耿乃光, 于萍, 邓明德, 等. 热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究[J]. 地震, 1998, 18(1):83-88. GENG Naiguang, YU Ping, DENG Mingde, et al. The Simulated Experimental Studies on Cause of Thermal Infrared Precursor of Earthquakes[J]. Earthquake, 1998, 18(1):83-88.
[88] 耿乃光, 崔承禹, 邓明德, 等. 遥感岩石力学及其应用前景[J]. 地球物理学进展, 1993, 8(4):1-7. GENG Naiguang, CUI Chengyu, DENG Mingde, et al. Remote Sensing Rock Mechanics and Its Application Prospects[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 1993, 8(4):1-7.
[89] WU Lixin, WANG Jinzhuang. Features of Infrared Thermal Image and Radiation Temperature of Coal Rocks Loaded[J]. Science in China (Series D), 1998, 41(2):158-164.
[90] WU Lixin, WANG Jinzhuang. Infrared Radiation Features of Coal and Rocks Under Loading[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences, 1998, 35(7):969-976.
[91] WU Lixin, CUI Chengyu, GENG Naiguang, et al. Remote Sensing Rock Mechanics (RSRM) and Associated Experimental Studies[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences, 2000, 37(6):879-888.
[92] 吴立新. 遥感岩石力学及其新近进展与未来发展[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2001, 20(2):139-146. WU Lixin. Remote Sensing Rock Mechanics and Its Recent Achievements and Future Development[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2001, 20(2):139-146.
[93] 吴立新, 刘善军, 吴育华, 等. 遥感-岩石力学(IV)——岩石压剪破裂的热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(4):539-544. WU Lixin, LIU Shanjun, WU Yunhua, et al. Remote-Sensing-rock Mechanics (Ⅳ):Laws of Thermal Infrared Radiation from Compressively-sheared Fracturing of Rock and Its Meanings for Earthquake Omens[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2004, 23(4):539-544.
[94] 刘善军, 吴立新, 吴育华, 等. 遥感-岩石力学(V)——岩石粘滑过程中红外辐射的影响因素分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(5):730-735. LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, WU Yuhua, et al. Remote Sensing-rock Mechanics (Ⅴ):Analysis on the Factors Affecting Thermal Infrared Radiation in Process of Rock Viscosity Sliding[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2004, 23(5):730-735.
[95] 刘善军, 吴立新, 王金庄, 等. 遥感-岩石力学(VI)——岩石摩擦滑移特征及其影响因素分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(8):1247-1251. LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, WANG Jinzhang, et al. Remote Sensing-rock Mechanics (VI):Features of Rock Friction-Sliding and Analysis on Its Influence Factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2004, 23(8):1247-1251.
[96] 吴立新, 吴育华, 刘善军, 等. 遥感-岩石力学(VⅡ)——岩石低速撞击的热红外遥感成像实验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(9):1439-1445. WU Lixin, WU Yuhua, LIU Shanjun, et al. Remote Sensing-rock Mechanics (VⅡ):Thermal Infrared Imaging Detection of Rock Impaction with Low Velocity[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2004, 23(9):1439-1445.
[97] 刘善军, 吴立新, 王川婴, 等. 遥感-岩石力学(VⅢ)——论岩石破裂的热红外前兆[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(10):1621-1627. LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, WANG Chuanying, et al. Remote Sensing-rock Mechanics (VⅢ):TIR Omens of Rock Fracturing[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2004, 23(10):1621-1627.
[98] 刘善军, 吴立新, 张艳博, 等. 拐折非连通断层加载失稳的热辐射演化特征[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2009, 28(S2):3342-3348 LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, ZHANG Yanbo, et al. Evolutive Features of Thermal Radiation of Tortuously Non-connected Fault in the Loading and Instability Process[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2009, 28(S2):3342-3348.
[99] 刘善军, 吴立新, 张艳博, 等. 潮湿岩石受力过程红外辐射的变化特征[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 31(2):265-268. LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, ZHANG Yanbo, et al. Change Feature of Infrared Radiation from Loaded Damp Rock[J]. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2010, 31(2):265-268.
[100] 刘善军, 吴立新, 冯哲, 等. 压力作用下石英砂岩的热红外光谱变化与敏感响应波段[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2012, 32(1):78-82. LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, FENG Zhe, et al. Thermal Infrared Spectral Variation and Sensitive Waveband of Quartzy Sandstone under Pressure[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2012, 32(1):78-82.
[101] WU Lixin, LIU Shanjun, WU Yuhua, et al. Changes in Infrared Radiation with Rock Deformation[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2002, 39(6):825-831.
[102] WU L X, LIU S J, WU Y H, et al. From Qualitative to Quantitative Information:The Development of Remote Sensing Rock Mechanics (RSRM)[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2004, 41(3):415-416.
[103] WU Lixin, LIU Shanjun, WU Yuhua, et al. Precursors for Rock Fracturing and Failure (Part I):IRR Image Abnormalities[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and and Mining Sciences, 2006, 43(3):473-482.
[104] WU Lixin, LIU Shujun, WU Yuhua. Precursors for Rock Fracturing and Failure (Part Ⅱ):IRR T-curve Abnormalities[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2006, 43(3):483-493.
[105] LIU Shanjun, WU Lixin, WU Yuhua. Infrared Radiation of Rock at Failure[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2006, 43(6):972-979.
[106] 刘力强, 陈国强, 刘培洵, 等, 岩石变形实验热红外观测系统[J]. 地震地质, 2004, 26(3):492-501. LIU Liqiang, CHEN Guoqiang, LIU Peixun, et al. Infrared Measurement System for Rock Deformation Experiment[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2004, 26(3):492-501.
[107] 刘培洵, 刘力强, 陈顺云, 等. 地表岩石变形引起热红外辐射的实验研究[J]. 地震地质, 2004, 26(3):502-511. LIU Peixun, LIU Liqiang, CHEN Shunyun, et al. An Experiment on the Infrared Radiation of Surficial Rocks During Deformation[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2004, 26(3):502-511.
[108] 马瑾, 刘力强, 刘培洵, 等. 断层失稳错动热场前兆模式:雁列断层的实验研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 2007, 50(4):1141-1149. MA Jin, LIU Liqiang, LIU Peixun, et al. Thermal Precursory Pattern of Fault Unstable Sliding:An Experimental Study of an Echelon Faults[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2007, 50(4):1141-1149.
[109] 刘培洵, 马瑾, 刘力强, 等. 压性雁列构造变形过程中热场演化的实验研究[J]. 自然科学进展, 2007, 17(4):454-459. LIU Peixun, MA Jin, LIU Liqiang, et al. An Experimental Study on Variation of Thermal Fields During the Deformation of a Compressive En Echelon Fault Set[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2007, 17(4):454-459.
[110] FREUND F. Time-Resolved Study of Charge Generation and Propagation in Igneous Rocks[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000, 105(B5):11001-11019.
[111] FREUND F. Charge Generation and Propagation in Igneous Rocks[J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 2002, 33(4-5):543-570.
[112] FREUND F T. Pre-earthquake Signals (Part I):Deviatoric Stresses Turn Rocks into a Source of Electric Currents[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2007, 7(5):535-541.
[113] FREUND F T. Pre-earthquake Signals (Part Ⅱ):Flow of Battery Currents in the Crust[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2007, 7(5):543-548.
[114] FREUND F T, KULAHCI I G, CYR G, et al. Air Ionization at Rock Surfaces and Pre-earthquake Signals[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2009, 71(17-18):1824-1834.
[115] FREUND F T. Pre-earthquake Signals:Underlying Physical Processes[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 41(4-5):383-400.
[116] PULINETS S A, DUNAJECKA M A. Specific Variations of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Around the Time of Michoacan Earthquake M8.1 Sept. 19, 1985 as a Possible Indicator of Interaction between Tectonic Plates[J]. Tectonophysics, 2007, 431(1-4):221-230.
[117] LIPEROVSKY V A, POKHOTELOV O A, MEISTER C V, et al. Physical Models of Coupling in the Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere System before Earthquakes[J]. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 2008, 48(6):795-806.
[118] PULINETS S, OUZOUNOV D. Lithosphere-atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Model:An Unified Concept for Earthquake Precursors Validation[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 41(4-5):371-382.
[119] CICERONE R D, EBEL J E, BRITTON J. A Systematic Compilation of Earthquake Precursors[J]. Tectonophysics, 2009, 476(3-4):371-396.