The new development direction of cartography promoted by spatial cognition

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2021.20210043

Abstract

Abstract: The indissoluble bond between map and cognition is continuous and deepening. The history of map can be considered as a history of spatial cognition when we review the past, and another door is opened by the theory and method of spatial cognition for cartography. The study of spatial cognition promotes the research of cartography, and to some extent, it can be considered that map is the materialization of spatial thinking function of brain. The effectiveness and value of map spatial cognition is improved by technological progress. The history of map can be divided into ancient map, ancient map, modern map and modern map stages according to the progress of human spatial cognition. In the face of the challenges about the structure of traditional disciplines posed by the wave of science and technology and social development in recent years, we should think about such a problem, Cartography needs to re-establish its own discipline system, in order to develop new cartographers using more basic knowledge, more targeted advanced technology and broader range of services.

Key words: spatial cognition, map, cartography, cartography history, virtual reality, cyber space

CLC Number:

GAO Jun, CAO Xuefeng. The new development direction of cartography promoted by spatial cognition[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2021, 50(6): 711-725.

References

[1] 杰拉尔德·埃德尔曼. 第二自然: 意识之谜[M]. 唐璐, 译. 长沙: 湖南科学技术出版社, 2010. EDEIMAN G M. Second nature: brain science and human knowledge[M]. TANG Lu, trans. Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2010.
[2] 高俊. 地图感受与地图设计的实验方法[R]. 北京: 中国测绘学会(地图制图新技术讲习班), 1984. GAO Jun. Experimental method of map feeling and map design[R]. Beijing: China Society of Geodesy Photogrammetry and Cartography(Workshop on New Technology of Cartography), 1984.
[3] ROBINSON A H, SALE R, MORRISON J. Elements of cartography[M]. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
[4] DODGE M, MCDERBY M, TURNER M. 地理可视化——概念、工具与应用[M]. 张锦明, 陈卓, 龚建华, 等, 译. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2015. DODGE M, MCDERBY M, TURNER M. Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications[M]. ZHANG Jinming, CHEN Zhuo, GONG Jianhua, et al, trans. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2015.
[5] 高俊, 夏运钧, 游雄, 等. 虚拟现实在地形环境仿真中的应用[M]. 北京: 解放军出版社, 1999. GAO Jun, XIA Yunjun, YOU Xiong, et al. The application of virtual reality on terrain environment simulation[M]. Beijing: PLA Press, 1999.
[6] 劳伦斯·夏皮罗. 具身认知[M]. 李恒威, 董达, 译. 北京: 华夏出版社, 2014. SHAPIRO L. Embodied cognition[M]. LI Hengwei, DONG Da, trans. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House, 2014.
[7] 叶浩生. 具身认知的原理与应用[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2017. YE Haosheng. The principle and application of embodied cognition[M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2017.
[8] O’KEEFE J, DOSTROVSKY J. The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat[J]. Brain Research, 1971, 34(1): 171-175.
[9] HAFTING T, FYHN M, MOLDEN S, et al. Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex[J]. Nature, 2005, 436(7052): 801-806.
[10] 王璐, 艾廷华. 正六边形规则格网表达的DEM谷地线提取[J]. 测绘学报, 2019, 48(6): 780-790. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2019.20180408. WANG Lu, AI Tinghua. The valley extraction based on the hexagonal grid-based DEM[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2019, 48(6): 780-790. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2019.20180408.
[11] 胡晓峰. 战争工程论——走向信息时代的战争方法学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2017. HU Xiaofeng. War engineering theory: war methodology towards information age[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2017.
[12] 万刚, 曹雪峰, 李科, 等. 地理空间信息网格理论与技术[M]. 北京: 测绘出版社, 2016. WAN Gang, CAO Xuefeng, LI Ke, et al. Geospatial information grid theory and technology[M]. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, 2016.
[13] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014[EB/OL](2019-07-10). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/summary/.
[14] GÄRDENFORS P. Conceptual spaces: the geometry of thought[M]. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2000.
[15] BELLMUND J L S, GÄRDENFORS P, MOSER E I, et al. Navigating cognition: spatial codes for human thinking[J]. Science, 2018, 362(6415): 6766.
[16] 曾国屏, 李正风, 段伟文, 等. 赛博空间的哲学探索[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. ZENG Guoping, LI Zhengfeng, DUAN Weiwen, et al. Philosophical exploration of cyberspace[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2002.
[17] 艾廷华. 适宜空间认知结果表达的地图形式[J]. 遥感学报, 2008, 12(2): 347-354. AI Tinghua. Maps adaptable to represent spatial cognition[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2008, 12(2): 347-354.
[18] 张峥. 赛博地图构建理论研究[D]. 郑州: 信息工程大学, 2012. ZHANG Zheng. The research on theory of cybermap[D]. Zhengzhou: Information Engineering University, 2012.
[19] DODGE M, KITCHIN R. Mapping cyberspace[M]. New York: Routledge, 2001.
[20] 蒲慕明. 脑科学研究的三大发展方向[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2019, 34(7): 807-813. PU Muming. Three development directions of brain science research[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019, 34(7): 807-813.
[21] 王法辉. 为什么人文学和社会科学需要GIS?[C]//空间综合人文学与社会科学研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010. WANG Fahui. Why do humanities and social sciences need GIS?[C]//Spatially Integrated Humanities and Social Science. Beijing: Science Press, 2010.
[22] 郭华东. 地球大数据科学工程[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2018, 33(8): 818-824. GUO Huadong. A project on big earth data science engineering[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(8): 818-824.
[23] 艾廷华. 大数据驱动下的地图学发展[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2016, 41(2): 1-7. AI Tinghua. Development of cartography driven by big data[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2016, 41(2): 1-7.
[24] 郭仁忠, 陈业滨, 应申, 等. 三元空间下的泛地图可视化维度[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2018, 43(11): 1603-1610. GUO Renzhong, CHEN Yebin, YING Shen, et al. Geographic visualization of pan-map with the context of ternary spaces[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(11): 1603-1610.
[25] 罗布·基钦, 马克·布莱兹. 地理空间认知[M]. 万刚, 曲云英, 陈晓慧, 等, 译. 北京: 测绘出版社, 2018. KITCHIN B, BLADES M. The cognition of geographic space[M]. WAN Gang, QU Yunying, CHEN Xiaohui, et al, trans. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, 2018.
[26] 李德仁, 李熙. 论夜光遥感数据挖掘[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(6): 591-601. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20150149. LI Deren, LI Xi. An overview on data mining of nighttime light remote sensing[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(6): 591-601. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20150149.
[27] 龚建华, 林珲. 虚拟地理环境——在线虚拟现实的地理学透视[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2001. GONG Jianhua, LIN Hui. Virtual geographic environments: a geographic perspective on online virtual reality[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2001.
[28] 万刚, 高俊, 游雄. 虚拟地形环境仿真中的若干空间认知问题[J]. 测绘科学, 2005, 30(2): 48-50. WAN Gang, GAO Jun, YOU Xiong. Several spatial cognition problems in virtual terrain environment simulation[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2005, 30(2): 48-50.
[29] MILGRAM P, KISHINO F. A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays[J]. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, 1994, E77-D(12): 1321-1329.
[30] AZUMA R, BAILLOT Y, BEHRINGER R, et al. Recent advances in augmented reality[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 2001, 21(6): 34-47.
[31] 龚建华, 李文航, 张国永, 等. 增强地理环境中过程可视化方法——以人群疏散模拟为例[J]. 测绘学报, 2018, 47(8): 1089-1097. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20180111. GONG Jianhua, LI Wenhang, ZHANG Guoyong, et al. An augmented geographic environment for geo-process visualization: a case of crowd evacuation simulation[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2018, 47(8): 1089-1097. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20180111.
[32] 张文波, 曹雷, 熊君君. 虚拟现实技术的现实挑战[J]. 中国科学: 信息科学, 2016, 46(12): 1779-1784. ZHANG Wenbo, CAO Lei, XIONG Junjun. The challenging facts of virtual reality technology[J]. SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis, 2016, 46(12): 1779-1784.
[33] 顾凡及. 用客观的科学方法研究主观的意识[N]. 中国科学报, 2019-03-15(4). GU Fanji. Using objective scientific method to study subjective consciousness[N]. China Science Journal, 2019-03-15.
[34] BOR D. 贪婪的大脑: 为何人类会无止境地寻求意义[M]. 林旭文, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2013. BOR D. The ravenous brain: how the new science of consciousness explains our insatiable search for meaning[M]. LIN Xuwen, trans. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2013.
[35] 郑永常. 明清东亚舟师秘本: 耶鲁航海图研究[M]. 台北: 远流出版公司, 2018. ZHENG Yongchang. Secret book of East Asian boat master in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Yale nautical map study[M]. Taipei: Yuanliu Publishing Company, 2018.
[36] 林梅村. 观沧海: 大航海时代诸文明的冲突与交流[M]. 上海: 上海古籍出版社, 2018. LIN Meicun. Looking at the sea: conflict and interchange among civilizations during the age of great voyage[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 2018.
[37] 钱江, 陈佳荣. 牛津藏《明代东西洋航海图》姐妹作——耶鲁藏《清代东南洋航海图》推介[J]. 海交史研究, 2013(2): 1-101. QIAN Jiang, CHEN Jiarong. Sister work of Oxford’s East West Ocean nautical chart of the Ming Dynasty—promotion of Yale’s southeast ocean nautical chart of the Qing Dynasty[J]. Maritime History Studies, 2013(2): 1-101.
[38] 漳平市王景弘研究会. 王景弘研究[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2019. Wang Jinghong Research Association of Zhangping City. Wang Jinghong research[M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 2019.
[39] 曹婉如. 华夷图和禹迹图的几个问题[M]//科学史集刊:6. 北京: 科学出版社, 1963. CAO Wanru. Some problems of Huayi map and Yuji map[M]//History of Science: 6. Beijing: Science Press, 1963.
[40] 曹婉如. 有关华夷图问题的探讨[M]//中国古代地图集(战国-元). 北京: 文物出版社, 1990: 41-45. CAO Wanru. A discussion on the issue of Huayi map[M]//Atlas of Ancient China (Warring States Yuan). Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1990: 41-45.
[41] 辛德勇. 准望释义——兼谈裴秀制图诸体之间的关系以及所谓沈括制图六体问题[C]//唐晓峰. 九州: 4. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2007: 245-276. XIN Deyong. Quasi expectation interpretation—The relationships of Peixiu’s cartography rules and the problem about Shenkuo’s six rules[C]//TANG Xiaofeng. Jiu Zhou: 4. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2007: 245-276.
[42] 辛德勇. 说阜昌石刻《禹迹图》与《华夷图》[J]. 燕京学报, 2010(1): 1-72. XIN Deyong. On stone inscriptions Map of Yuji and Map of Huayi in the period of Fuchang[J]. Journal of Yanjing University, 2010(1): 1-72.
[43] 成一农. “非科学”和中国传统舆图: 中国传统舆图绘制研究[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2016. Cheng Yinong. “Non science” and Chinese traditional map: the study on the cartographic method of the Chinese ancient maps[M]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2016.
[44] 韩昭庆. 制图六体新释、传承及与西法的关系[J]. 清华大学学报(哲学社会科学), 2009, 24(6): 110-115. HAN Zhaoqing. A new explanation of six elements of mapmaking and related issues[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2009, 24(6): 110-115.
[45] 高俊. 试论我国地图的数学要素和表示方法的演进特色[J]. 测绘学报, 1963, 6(2): 120-135. GAO Jun. On the evolution characteristics of mathematical elements and representation methods of maps in China[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 1963, 6(2): 120-135.
[46] 汪前进. 康熙铜版《皇舆全览图》投影种类新探[J]. 自然科学史研究, 1991, 10(2): 186-195. WANG Qianjin. A new scrutiny into the type of projection in Huang Yu Quan Lan Tu[J]. Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, 1991, 10(2): 186-195.
[47] 汪前进. 乾隆十三排图定量分析[C]//中国古代地图集·清代. 北京: 文物出版社, 1997. WANG Qianjin. The quantitative analysis of Qianlong Shisan Pai Tu[C]//An Atlas of Ancient Maps in China, Qing Dynasty[M]. Beijing: Heritage Publishing House, 1997.
[48] 张铠. 庞迪我与中国[M]. 郑州: 大象出版社, 2009. ZHANG Kai. Diego de Pantoja and China[M]. Zhengzhou: Elephant Press, 2009.
[49] 韩昭庆. 康熙《皇舆全览图》与西方对中国历史疆域认知的成见[J]. 清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2015, 30(6): 123-142. HAN Zhaoqing. Huangyu Quanlantu of the Kangxi-reign and its impact on western recognition of the territory of the Qing China[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2015, 30(6): 123-142.
[50] 于京东. 跨境地图: 一个全球史的故事[J]. 读书, 2020(11): 125-133. YU Jingdong. Cross border map: a story of global history[J]. Reading, 2020(11): 125-133.
[51] 陈方正. 继承与叛逆——现代科学为何出现于西方[M]. 北京: 生活·读书·新知三联出版社, 2009. CHEN Fangzheng. Heritage and betrayal: A treatise on the emergence of modern science in western civilization[M]. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2009.
[52] 刘经南, 詹骄, 郭迟, 等. 智能高精地图数据逻辑结构与关键技术[J]. 测绘学报, 2019, 48(8): 939-953. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2019.20190125. LIU Jingnan, ZHAN Jiao, GUO Chi, et al. Data logic structure and key technologies on intelligent high-precision map[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2019, 48(8): 939-953. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2019.20190125.
[53] 高俊. 地图学四面体——数字化时代地图学的诠释[J]. 测绘学报, 2004, 33(1): 6-11. GAO Jun. Cartographic tetrahedron: explanation of cartography in the digital era[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2004, 33(1): 6-11.
[54] 王家耀. 时空大数据时代的地图学[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1226-1237. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170308. WANG Jiayao. Cartography in the age of spatio-temporal big data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1226-1237. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170308.
[55] 孟立秋. 地图学的恒常性和易变性[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1637-1644. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170359. MENG Liqiu. The constancy and volatility in cartography[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1637-1644. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170359.
[56] 郭仁忠, 应申. 论ICT时代的地图学复兴[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1274-1283. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170335. GUO Renzhong, YING Shen. The rejuvenation of cartography in ICT era[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1274-1283. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170335.
[57] 闾国年, 俞肇元, 袁林旺, 等. 地图学的未来是场景学吗?[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018, 20(1): 1-6. LÜ Guonian, YU Zhaoyuan, YUAN Linwang, et al. Is the future of cartography the scenario science?[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2018, 20(1): 1-6.
[58] 唐曦. 随意“赋形”的空间概念还是“图美悟真”的信息设计[C]//第五届全国地图学理论与方法研讨会论文集. 武汉: [s.n.], 2020. TANG Xi. The spatial concept of “shapeat will” or the information design of “beauty and truth”[C]//Proceedings of the 5th National Symposium on Cartography Theory and Methods. Wuhan: [s.n.], 2020.
[59] 郑束蕾. 个性化地图认知及眼动分析方法[M]. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2020. ZHENG Shulei. Personalized map cognition and eye movement analysis method[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2020.
[60] 郑束蕾. 新地图学中的人文空间认知[C]//第五届全国地图学理论与方法研讨会论文集. 武汉:[s.n.], 2020. ZHENG Shulei. The cognition of human space in new cartography[C]//Proceedings of the 5th National Symposium on Cartography Theory and Methods. Wuhan: [s.n.], 2020.
[61] ZHENG Shulei, CHEN Yufen, WANG Chengshun. Application of eye-tracking technology in humanities, social sciences and geospatial cognition[M]//YE Xinyue, LIN Hui. Spatial Synthesis: Computational Social Science and Humanities. [S.l.]: Springer, 2020: 431-448.
[62] 董卫华, 廖华, 詹智成, 等. 2008年以来地图学眼动与视觉认知研究新进展[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(3): 599-614. DONG Weihua, LIAO Hua, ZHAN Zhicheng, et al. New research progress of eye tracking-based map cognition in cartography since 2008[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(3): 599-614.
[63] 李霖. “双一流”背景下的空间数据分析知识体系重构[R].武汉:武汉大学, 2020. LI Lin. Reconstruction of spatial data analysis knowledge system under the background of First-class universities and disciplines of the world[R]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2020.
[64] 李军. 图形作为知识——十幅世界地图的跨文化旅行(上)[J]. 美术研究, 2018(2): 68-77. LI Jun. Graphics as knowledge: cross cultural travel of ten world maps (Part I)[J]. Art Research, 2018(2): 68-77.
[65] 李军. 图形作为知识——十幅世界地图的跨文化旅行(下)[J]. 美术研究, 2018(3): 21-32, 41. LI Jun. Graphics as knowledge: cross cultural travel of ten world maps (Part II)[J]. Art Research, 2018(3): 21-32, 41.
[66] 李军. 跨文化的艺术史·图像及其重影[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2020. LI Jun. A transcultural history of art: on images and its doubles[M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2020.
[67] 郭方云. 文学地图学[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2020. GUO Fangyun. Literary cartography[M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2020.
[68] 杜月. 制图术——国家治理研究的一个新视角[J]. 社会科学研究, 2017, 32(5): 192-217. DU Yue. Cartography: a new framework of national governance[J]. Sociological Studies, 2017, 32(5): 192-217.
[69] 张慨. 空间过程、环境认知与意象表达[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2017. ZHANG Kai. Spatial process: environment cognition and image expression[M]. Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2017.
[70] 周阳, 王雪菲, 白朔天, 等. 基于网络平台的群体和个体的社会态度研究[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(2): 188-195. ZHOU Yang, WANG Xuefei, BAI Shuotian, et al. Identifying social attitude based on network behavior[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(2): 188-195.
[71] TAYLOR D R F. Some recent developments in the theory and practice of cybercartography[M]//Modern Cartography Series. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2019, 9: 55-68.
[72] KAINZ W. Cartography and the others-aspects of a complicated relationship[J]. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 2020, 23(1): 52-60.
[73] FIELD K. Cartography: A compendium of design thinking for mapmakers[M]. Redlands, California: Esri Press, 2018.