Joint adjustment for island stereo image pairs and satellite-based laser altimetry points based on waterline constraints

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2026.20260057

Abstract

Abstract:

Improving the adjustment accuracy of stereo mapping satellite imagery under uncontrolled conditions is a critical step for acquiring geographic information from overseas or hard-to-reach areas (such as remote islands). Addressing the challenge of limited satellite laser data volume for uniform control on small islands far from the mainland, this study proposes a joint adjustment method for island stereo image pairs and satellite-based laser altimetry points based on shoreline constraints. First, by leveraging the consistent elevation characteristics of waterlines surrounding islands and reefs, spatial coordinates are obtained through vectorization of image waterlines. Second, elevation constraints from the ALOS World 3D-30 m (AW3D30 DEM) are applied to refine the ICESat-2 ATL03 data. Finally, joint adjustment is performed by integrating image waterline points, ATL03 laser photon data, and stereo image pairs to improve the elevation accuracy of the regional network imagery. Joint adjustment experiments were conducted using multiple stereo image pairs from Wuzhizhou Island and Ganquan Island captured by ZY-3 and GF-7 satellites. Results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of elevation measurements for Wuzhizhou Island decreased from an average of 4.07 m to 1.54 m, while Ganquan Island's RMSE decreased from 7.06 m to 0.91 m. These improvements represent accuracy gains of 62% and 87%, respectively, demonstrating that this method can achieve ideal joint adjustment results between satellite-borne laser data and island stereo image pairs, with a particularly pronounced enhancement effect for islands with flat topography.

Key words: stereo image pairs, ICESat-2, waterline, joint adjustment, island positioning

CLC Number:

P229

Lei XU, Zhipeng DONG, Yanxiong LIU, Yikai FENG, Yilan CHEN, Wenxue XU. Joint adjustment for island stereo image pairs and satellite-based laser altimetry points based on waterline constraints[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2026, 55(6): 1072-1086.

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影像区域	影像名称	获取时间	经度范围	纬度范围	影像分辨率
蜈支洲岛	GF701_012155_E109.7_N18.3_20220106113920（GF7_wzz_012155）	2022-01-06	109.61°E—109.88°E	18.22°N—18.49°N	0.65 m（后视）、0.8 m（前视）
	GF701_016796_E109.8_N18.3_20221107113436（GF7_wzz_016796）	2022-11-07	109.68°E—109.95°E	18.22°N—18.49°N	0.65 m（后视）、0.8 m（前视）
	zy302a_034208_005179_20220728105844（ZY3_wzz_034208）	2022-07-28	109.61°E—110.17°E	18.08°N—18.62°N	2.5 m
	zy303a_017668_004179_20230930113400（ZY3_wzz_017668）	2023-09-30	109.71°E—110.26°E	18.08°N—18.61°N	2.5 m
甘泉岛	zy302a_044380_896184_20240527111621（ZY3_gq_044380）	2024-05-27	111.35°E—111.91°E	16.09°N—16.67°N	2.5 m
甘泉岛	zy303a_021712_896184_20240622112006（ZY3_gq_021712）	2024-06-22	111.36°E—111.93°E	16.08°N—16.66°N	2.5 m

岛屿	ATL03数据名称	数据获取时间	空间范围	筛选后有效光子数
蜈支洲岛	ATL03_20240324211756_00952307_007_01.h5	2024-03-24 21：17	18°18′30″N—18°18′57″N	164
甘泉岛	ATL03_20250409145221_03622701_007_01.h5	2025-04-09 14：52	16°30′08″N—16°30′28″N	354
甘泉岛	ATL03_20240411081319_03622301_007_01.h5	2024-04-11 08：13	16°30′07″N—16°30′31″N	204

影像编号	平差方式	检查点个数	平面精度/m		高程精度/m
影像编号	平差方式	检查点个数	平面中误差	平面最大误差	中误差	平均误差	最大误差
GF7_wzz_012155	方案①	9	7.89	8.49	7.01	－6.96	－8.90
	方案②		7.95	8.61	5.31	－5.23	－7.17
	方案③		7.83	8.54	1.94	1.73	3.13
	方案④		7.81	8.68	1.76	1.34	3.57
GF7_wzz_016796	方案①	9	5.45	7.52	1.64	1.61	1.97
	方案②		5.45	7.52	1.59	1.57	1.92
	方案③		5.45	7.34	0.83	0.63	1.42
	方案④		5.45	7.49	0.79	0.73	1.26

影像编号	平差方式	检查点个数	平面精度/m		高程精度/m
影像编号	平差方式	检查点个数	平面中误差	平面最大误差	中误差	平均误差	最大误差
ZY3_wzz_034208	方案①	7	7.88	10.15	4.60	4.56	5.48
	方案②		7.88	10.14	4.46	4.43	5.34
	方案③		7.88	10.14	2.39	2.30	3.36
	方案④		7.88	10.14	2.14	2.07	3.01
ZY3_wzz_017668	方案①	6	14.21	16.42	3.04	2.97	4.13
	方案②		14.21	16.42	2.88	2.76	4.08
	方案③		14.21	16.43	1.62	1.49	2.70
	方案④		14.21	16.43	1.46	1.27	2.62

影像编号	平差方式	检查点个数	平面精度/m		高程精度/m
影像编号	平差方式	检查点个数	平面中误差	平面最大误差	中误差	平均误差	最大误差
ZY3_gq_044380	方案①	8	8.40	9.87	8.07	－8.04	－9.16
	方案②		8.47	9.94	6.66	－6.59	－7.95
	方案③		8.40	9.88	1.84	1.71	2.79
	方案④		8.33	10.22	0.69	－0.05	0.75
ZY3_gq_021712	方案①	8	6.06	8.91	6.05	－5.96	－7.28
	方案②		6.05	8.90	5.19	－4.94	－7.32
	方案③		6.06	8.91	1.14	－0.39	－1.73
	方案④		6.05	8.92	1.12	－0.32	－1.66