GNSS空间环境学研究进展和展望

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170333

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对流层和电离层是地球近地空间环境中两个重要的组成部分，是靠近地球表面且与人类生活联系最密切的大气圈层。全球导航卫星系统技术的快速发展，为GNSS空间环境学的研究提供了良好的契机。本文介绍了现有GNSS空间环境学中在对流层和电离层方面的研究现状和进展。在GNSS对流层研究方面，主要集中于GNSS对流层关键参数建模和水汽反演两部分；在GNSS电离层研究方面，主要包括GNSS二维/三维电离层建模和区域/全球电离层监测。

关键词: 对流层, 大气可降水, 电离层, GNSS空间环境学

Abstract:

Troposphere and ionosphere are two important components of the near-earth space environment. They are close to the surface of the earth and have great influence on human life. The developments of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) over the past several decades provide a great opportunity for the GNSS-based space environment science. This review summarizes the research progress and prospect of the GNSS-based research of the Earth's troposphere and ionosphere. On the tropospheric perspective, modeling of the key tropospheric parameters and inversion of precipitable water vapor (PWV) are dominant researching fields. On the ionospheric perspective, 2D/3D ionospheric models and regional/global ionospheric monitoring are dominant researching fields.

Key words: troposphere, PWV, ionosphere, GNSS space environment science

中图分类号:

P228

姚宜斌, 张顺, 孔建. GNSS空间环境学研究进展和展望[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1408-1420.

YAO Yibin, ZHANG Shun, KONG Jian. Research Progress and Prospect of GNSS Space Environment Science[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1408-1420.

参考文献

[1] COLLINS J P, LANGLEY R B. A Tropospheric Delay Model for the User of the Wide Area Augmentation System[R]. Final Contract Report for Nav Canada, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No.187. Fredericton:University of New Brunswick, 1997.
[2] COLLINS J P, LANGLEY R B. The Residual Tropospheric Propagation Delay:How Bad Can It Get?[C]//Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation. Nashville, Tennessee:[s.n.], 1998.
[3] MOPS W. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System/Wide Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment[R]. Documentation No. RTCA/DO-229B. Washington:RTCA Inc., 1999:6.
[4] PENNA N, DODSON A, CHEN Wu. Assessment of EGNOS Tropospheric Correction Model[J]. The Journal of Navigation, 2001, 54(1):37-55.
[5] UENO M, HOSHINOO K, MATSUNAGA K, et al. Assessment of Atmospheric Delay Correction Models for the Japanese MSAS[C]//Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation. Salt Lake City, UT:[s.n.], 2001.
[6] KRUEGER E, SCHVELER T, HEIN G W, et al. Galileo Tropospheric Correction Approaches Developed within GSTB-V1[C]//Proceedings of 2004 ENC-GNSS. Rotterdam:[s.n.], 2004.
[7] BOEHM J, HEINKELMANN R, SCHUH H. Short Note:A Global Model of Pressure and Temperature for Geodetic Applications[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2007, 81(10):679-683.
[8] KOUBA J. Testing of Global Pressure/Temperature (GPT) Model and Global Mapping Function (GMF) in GPS Analyses[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2009, 83(3-4):199-208.
[9] PETIT G, LUZUM B. IERS Conventions (2010)[R]. IERS Technical Note 36. Frankfurt am Main:IERS, 2010:1-95.
[10] 陈澍, 熊永良, 张绪丰, 等. GPS水汽反演技术在四川地区的应用研究[J]. 全球定位系统, 2011, 36(1):32-37. CHEN Shu, XIONG Yongliang, ZHANG Xufeng, et al. Application of GPS Water Vapor Inversion Technology in Sichuan Area[J]. Gnss World of China, 2011, 36(1):32-37.
[11] 鄢子平, 吕翠仙, 何锡扬, 等. 基于PPP的对流层延迟估计方法及其影响因素分析[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2011, 31(2):107-110, 116. YAN Ziping, LÜ Cuixian, HE Xiyang, et al. Estimation of Zenith Path Delay Based on PPP and Analysis of Its Influence Factor[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2011, 31(2):107-110, 116.
[12] 于胜杰, 万蓉, 付志康. 气压对GPS大气可降水量解算的影响分析[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2013, 33(2):87-90, 95. YU Shengjie, WAN Rong, FU Zhikang. Impact Analysis of Pressure Parameter on Inversion of GPS Precipitable Water Vapor[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2013, 33(2):87-90, 95.
[13] 杨徉, 喻国荣, 潘树国, 等. 一种综合的对流层延迟模型算法[J]. 东南大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 43(S2):418-422. YANG Yang, YU Guorong, PAN Shuguo, et al. A Comprehensive Algorithm Using Fusion of Tropospheric Delay Models[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2013, 43(S2):418-422.
[14] 王君刚, 陈俊平, 王解先. 对流层模型在中国区域的精度评估[C]//2014年中国地球科学联合学术年会——专题26:卫星导航技术及其在地球科学应用论文集. 北京:中国地球物理学会, 2014. WANG Jungang, CHEN Junping, WANG Jiexian. Accuracy Assessment of the Troposphere Model in China[C]//Annual meeting of Chinese Geoscience Union (CGU). Beijing:Chinese Geophysical Society, 2014.
[15] LI Wei, YUAN Yunbin, OU Jikun, et al. A New Global Zenith Tropospheric Delay Model IGGtrop for GNSS Applications[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(17):2132-2139.
[16] LI Wei, YUAN Yunbin, OU Jikun, et al. New Versions of the BDS/GNSS Zenith Tropospheric Delay Model IGGtrop[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2015, 89(1):73-80.
[17] LAGLER K,SCHINDELEGGER M, BÖHM J, et al. GPT2:Empirical Slant Delay Model for Radio Space Geodetic Techniques[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013, 40(6):1069-1073.
[18] SCHVLER T. The Trop Grid2 Standard Tropospheric Correction Model[J]. GPS Solutions, 2014, 18(1):123-131.
[19] BÖHM J, MÖLLER G, SCHINDELEGGER M, et al. Development of an Improved Empirical Model for Slant Delays in the Troposphere (GPT2w)[J]. GPS Solutions, 2015, 19(3):433-441.
[20] 姚宜斌, 曹娜, 许超钤, 等. GPT2模型的精度检验与分析[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(7):726-733. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140356. YAO Yibin, CAO Na, XU Chaoqian, et al. Accuracy Assessment and Analysis for GPT2[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(7):726-733. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140356.
[21] 范士杰, 臧建飞, 刘焱雄, 等. GPT/2模型用于GPS大气可降水汽反演的精度分析[J]. 测绘工程, 2016, 25(3):1-5. FAN Shijie, ZANG Jianfei, LIU Yanxiong, et al. Accuracy Analysis on GPS Precipitable Water Vapor Inversion Using GPT/2 Models[J]. Engineering of Surveying and Mapping, 2016, 25(3):1-5.
[22] 王君刚, 陈俊平, 王解先, 等. 对流层经验改正模型在中国区域的精度评估[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2016, 41(12):1656-1663. WANG Jungang, CHEN Junping, WANG Jiexian, et al. Assessment of Tropospheric Delay Correction Models over China[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2016, 41(12):1656-1663.
[23] HOPFIELD H S. Two-Quartic Tropospheric Refractivity Profile for Correcting Satellite Data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1969, 74(18):4487-4499.
[24] SAASTAMOINEN J. Contributions to the Theory of Atmospheric Refraction[J]. Bulletin Géodésique (1946-1975), 1972, 105(1):279-298.
[25] IFADIS I I. The Atmospheric Delay of Radio Waves:Modeling the Elevation Dependence on a Global Scale[R]. Technical Report No. 38L. G teburg, Sweden:Chalmers University of Technology, 1986.
[26] ASKNE J, NORDIUS H. Estimation of Tropospheric Delay for Microwaves from Surface Weather Data[J]. Radio Science, 1987, 22(3):379-386.
[27] 曲伟菁, 朱文耀, 宋淑丽, 等. 三种对流层延迟改正模型精度评估[J]. 天文学报, 2008, 49(1):113-122. QU Weijing, ZHU Wenyao, SONG Shuli, et al. The Evaluation of Precision about Hopfield, Saastamoinen and Egnos Tropospheric Delay Correction Model[J]. Acta Astronomica Sinica, 2008, 49(1):113-122.
[28] MARINI J W. Correction of Satellite Tracking Data for an Arbitrary Tropospheric Profile[J]. Radio Science, 1972, 7(2):223-231.
[29] HERRING T A. Modeling Atmospheric Delays in the Analysis of Space Geodetic Data[M]//DEMUNKAND J C, SPOELSTRA T A. Refraction of Transatmospheric Signals in Geodesy, Number 36. The Hague, Netherlands:Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications in Geodesy, 1992:157-164.
[30] NIELL A E. Global Mapping Functions for the Atmosphere Delay at Radio Wavelengths[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1996, 101(B2):3227-3246.
[31] NIELL A E. Preliminary Evaluation of Atmospheric Mapping Functions Based on Numerical Weather Models[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A:Solid Earth and Geodesy, 2001, 26(6-8):475-480.
[32] BOEHM J, WERL B, SCHUH H. Troposphere Mapping Functions for GPS and Very Long Baseline Interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Operational Analysis Data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2006, 111(B2):B02406. DOI:10.1029/2005JB003629.
[33] JIANG Weiping, ZOU Xuan. On Error of Atmospheric Models in GPS Precise Positioning[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(11):1106-1109, 1197.
[34] BOEHM J, NIELL A, TREGONING P, et al. Global Mapping Function (GMF):A New Empirical Mapping Function Based on Numerical Weather Model Data[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33(7):L07304.
[35] ROCKEN C, WARE R, VAN HOVE T, et al. Sensing Atmospheric Water Vapor with the Global Positioning System[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013, 20(23):2631-2634.
[36] TAO W. Near real-time GPS PPP-inferred water vapor system development and evaluation[D]. Calgary:University of Calgary, 2008.
[37] 叶世榕, 张双成, 刘经南. 精密单点定位方法估计对流层延迟精度分析[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2008, 33(8):788-791. YE Shirong, ZHANG Shuangcheng, LIU Jingnan. Precision Analysis of Precise Point Positioning Based Tropospheric Delay Estimation[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(8):788-791.
[38] 王敏, 柴洪洲, 谢恺, 等. 基于CNES实时轨道钟差数据反演大气可降水量[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2013, 33(1):137-140. WANG Min, CHAI Hongzhou, XIE Kai, et al. PWV Inversion Based on CNES Real-time Orbits and Clocks[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2013, 33(1):137-140.
[39] DAI L. Augmentation of GPS with GLONASS and Pseudolite Signals for Carrier Phase-based Kinematic Positioning[D]. Sydney:University of New South Wales, 2002.
[40] XIONG Yongliang, HUANG Dingfa, DING Xiaoli, et al. Research on the Modeling of Tropospheric Delay in Virtual Reference Station[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2006, 35(2):118-121. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2006.02.005.
[41] ZHANG Xiaohong, ZHU Feng, LI Pan, et al. Zenith Troposphere Delay Interpolation Model for Regional CORS Network Augmented PPP[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38(6):679-683.
[42] BEVIS M, BUSINGER S, HERRING T A, et al. GPS Meteorology:Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Global Positioning System[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 1992, 97(D14):15787-15801.
[43] DUAN Jingping, BEVIS M, FANG Peng, et al. GPS Meteorology:Direct Estimation of the Absolute Value of Precipitable Water[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1996, 35(6):830-838.
[44] ELGERED G, JOHANSSON J M, RÖNNÄNG B, et al. Measuring Regional Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Swedish Permanent GPS Network[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1997, 24(21):2663-2666.
[45] 刘焱雄, IZ H B, 陈永奇. 地基GPS技术遥感香港地区大气水汽含量[J]. 武汉测绘科技大学学报, 1999, 24(3):245-248. LIU Yanxiong, IZ H B, CHEN Yongqi. Monitoring the Water Vapor Content in the Atmosphere in Hong Kong Through Ground-Based GPS Technique[J]. Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, 1999, 24(3):245-248.
[46] 程晓, 徐冠华, 周春霞, 等. 应用GPS资料反演南极大气可降水量的试验分析[J]. 极地研究, 2002, 14(2):136-144. CHENG Xiao, XU Guanhua, ZHOU Chunxia, et al. Application of GPS Technology to Meteorology in Antarctic[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2002, 14(2):136-144.
[47] 毕研盟. 应用全球定位系统(GPS)遥感大气水汽的研究[D]. 北京. 北京大学, 2006:58-63. BI Yanmeng. Research of Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using Global Positioning System (GPS)[D]. Beijing:Peking University, 2006:58-63.
[48] 张双成, 刘经南, 叶世榕, 等. 顾及双差残差反演GPS信号方向的斜路径水汽含量[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2009, 34(1):100-104. ZHANG Shuangcheng, LIU Jingnan, YE Shirong, et al. Retrieval of Water Vapor along the GPS Slant Path Based on Double-differenced Residuals[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2009, 34(1):100-104.
[49] 范士杰, 刘焱雄, 高兴国, 等. 顾及星间单差残差的GPS斜路径水汽含量估计[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2012, 37(7):834-838. FAN Shijie, LIU Yanxiong, GAO Xingguo, et al. Estimate of GPS Slant-path Water Vapor Based on Single-differenced Residuals between Satellites[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2012, 37(7):834-838.
[50] ADAMS D K, FERNANDES R M S, MAIA J M F. GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor from an Amazonian Rain Forest Flux Tower[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2011, 28(10):1192-1198.
[51] WARE R, ALBER C, ROCKEN C, et al. Sensing Integrated Water Vapor Along GPS Ray Paths[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1997, 24(4):417-420.
[52] 郭巍, 尹球, 杜明斌, 等. 利用地基北斗站反演大气水汽总量的精度检验[J]. 应用气象学报, 2015, 26(3):346-353. GUO Wei, YIN Qiu, DU Mingbin. The Accuracy Test of Retrieved Precipitation Water Vapor Based on BeiDou Observations[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2015, 26(3):346-353.
[53] 施闯, 王海深, 曹云昌, 等. 基于北斗卫星的水汽探测性能分析[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2016, 41(3):285-289. SHI Chuang, WANG Haishen, CAO Yunchang, et al. Analysis on Performance of Water Vapor Detection Based on BeiDou Satellite[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2016, 41(3):285-289.
[54] BRAUN J, ROCKEN C, MEERTENS C, et al. Development of a Water Vapor Tomography System Using Low Cost L1 GPS Receivers[C]//Proceedings of the 9th ARM Science Team Meeting. San Antonio, Texas:US Department of Energy, 1999:22-26.
[55] FLORES A, RUFFINI G, RIUS A. 4D Tropospheric Tomography Using GPS Slant Wet Delays[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2000, 18(2):223-234.
[56] TROLLER M, BüRKI B, COCARD M, et al. 3D Refractivity Field from GPS Double Difference Tomography[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29(24):21-24.
[57] CAO Yunchang, CHEN Yongqi, LI P. Wet Refractivity Tomography with An Improved Kalman-Filter Method[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2006, 23(5):693-699.
[58] 王久珂, 刘晓阳, 毛节泰, 等. GPS蒙特卡罗三维水汽层析算法敏感性试验和研究[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 50(6):1044-1052. WANG Jiuke, LIU Xiaoyang, MAO Jietai, et al. Sensitivity Experiment of Monte Carlo Tomography Algorithm of Water Vapor Using GPS Data[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2014, 50(6):1044-1052.
[59] 曹玉静, 刘晶淼, 廖荣伟, 等. 两种垂直分层方法对GPS水汽层析结果的影响[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2014, 30(6):125-133. CAO Yujing, LIU Jingmiao, LIAO Rongwei, et al. Effect of Two Vertical Stratification Methods of GPS Tomography Grid on GPS Water Vapor Tomography Result[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 2014, 30(6):125-133.
[60] BENDER M, RAABE A. Preconditions to Ground Based GPS Water Vapour Tomography[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2007, 25(8):1727-1734.
[61] BENDER M, STOSIUS R, ZUS F, et al. GNSS Water Vapour Tomography-expected Improvements by Combining GPS, GLONASS and Galileo Observations[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2011, 47(5):886-897.
[62] 夏朋飞, 蔡昌盛, 戴吾蛟, 等. 地基GPS联合COSMIC掩星数据的水汽三维层析研究[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2013, 38(8):892-896. XIA Pengfei, CAI Changsheng, DAI Wujiao, et al. Three-dimensional Water Vapor Tomography Using Ground-based GPS and COSMIC Occultation Observations[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38(8):892-896.
[63] ALSHAWAF F. Constructing Water Vapor Maps by Fusing InSAR, GNSS and WRF Data[D]. Karlsruhe, Germany:Karlsruher Institute of Technology, 2013.
[64] HEUBLEIN M, ZHU Xiaoxiang, ALSHAWAF F, et al. Compressive Sensing for Neutrospheric Water Vapor Tomography Using GNSS and InSAR Observations[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Milan, Italy:IEEE, 2015:5268-5271.
[65] BENEVIDES P, NICO G, CATALAO J, et al. Merging SAR Interferometry and GPS Tomography for High-resolution Mapping of 3D Tropospheric Water Vapour[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Milan, Italy:IEEE, 2015:3607-3610.
[66] HIRAHARA K. Local GPS Tropospheric Tomography[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2000, 52(11):935-939.
[67] MⅡDLA P, RANNAT K, UBA P. A Mathematical Model of Troposphere Water Vapor Tomography[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science. Dubai, United Arab Emirates:IEEE, 2009:183-187.
[68] MⅡDLA P, RANNAT K, UBA P. Tomographic Approach for Tropospheric Water Vapor Detection[J]. Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics, 2008, 8(3):263-278.
[69] 宋淑丽, 朱文耀, 廖新浩. 地基GPS气象学研究的主要问题及最新进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(2):250-259. SONG Shuli, ZHU Wenyao, LIAO Xinhao. The Main Problems and New Advances in Ground-based GPS Meteorology[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2004, 19(2):250-259.
[70] 宋淑丽. 地基GPS网对水汽三维分布的监测及其在气象学中的应用[D]. 上海:中国科学院(上海天文台), 2004. SONG Shuli. Sensing Three Dimensional Water Vapor Structure with Ground-based GPS Network and the Application in Meteorology[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (Chinese Academy of Science), 2004.
[71] 宋淑丽, 朱文耀, 丁金才, 等. 上海GPS网层析水汽三维分布改善数值预报湿度场[J]. 科学通报, 2005, 50(20):2271-2277. SONG Shuli, ZHU Wenyao, DING Jincai, et al. 3D Water-vapor Tomography with Shanghai GPS Network to Improve Forecasted Moisture Field[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 50(20):607-614.
[72] BRAUN J, ROCKEN C, LILJEGREN J. Comparisons of Line-of-sight Water Vapor Observations Using the Global Positioning System and a Pointing Microwave Radiometer[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2003, 20(5):606-612.
[73] BRAUN J J. Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor with the Global Positioning System[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 20(23):2631-2634.
[74] PERLER D, GEIGER A, HURTER F. 4D GPS Water Vapor Tomography:New Parameterized Approaches[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2011, 85(8):539-550.
[75] 张双成, 叶世榕, 万蓉, 等. 基于Kalman滤波的断层扫描初步层析水汽湿折射率分布[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2008, 33(8):796-799. ZHANG Shuangcheng, YE Shirong, WAN Rong, et al. Preliminary Tomography Spatial Wet Refractivity Distribution Based on Kalman Filter[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(8):796-799.
[76] 毕研盟, 杨光林, 聂晶. 基于Kalman滤波的GPS水汽层析方法及其应用[J]. 高原气象, 2011, 30(1):109-114. BI Yanmeng, YANG Guanglin, NIE Jing. Method of GPS Water Vapor Tomography Based on Kalman Filter and Its Application[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2011, 30(1):109-114.
[77] 王维, 王解先. 基于代数重构技术的对流层水汽层析[J]. 计算机应用, 2011, 31(11):3149-3151, 3156. WANG Wei, WANG Jiexian. Ground-based GPS Water Vapor Tomography Based on Algebraic Reconstruction Technique[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2011, 31(11):3149-3151, 3156.
[78] 于胜杰, 柳林涛. 利用选权拟合法进行GPS水汽层析解算[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2012, 37(2):183-186, 204. YU Shengjie, LIU Lintao. Application of Fitting Method by Selection of the Parameter Weights on GPS Water Vapor Tomography[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2012, 37(2):183-186, 204.
[79] 江鹏, 叶世榕, 何书镜, 等. 自适应Kalman滤波用于GPS层析大气湿折射率[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2013, 38(3):299-302. JIANG Peng, YE Shirong, HE Shujing, et al. Ground-based GPS Tomography of Wet Refractivity with Adaptive Kalman Filter[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38(3):299-302.
[80] 叶世榕, 江鹏, 刘炎炎. 地基GPS网层析水汽三维分布数值积分方法[J]. 测绘学报, 2013, 42(5):654-660. YE Shirong, JIANG Peng, LIU Yanyan. A Water Vapor Tomographic Numerical Quadrature Approach with Ground-based GPS Network[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2013, 42(5):654-660.
[81] 张双成, 张鹏飞, 张勤, 等. 顾及抗差方差分量的地基GPS层析水汽空间分布算法研究[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2013, 38(2):144-147. ZHANG Shuangcheng, ZHANG Pengfei, ZHANG Qin, et al. Ground-based GPS Tomography Spatial Water Vapor Distribution with Robust Variance Components Estimation[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38(2):144-147.
[82] WANG Xiaoying, DAI Ziqiang, ZHANG Enhong, et al. Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Tomography Using Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2014, 53(1):156-162.
[83] 何林, 柳林涛, 苏晓庆, 等. 水汽层析代数重构算法[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(1):32-38. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20130308. HE Lin, LIU Lintao, SU Xiaoqing, et al. Algebraic Reconstruction Algorithm of Vapor Tomography[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(1):32-38. DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20130308.
[84] NILSSON T, GRADINARSKY L. Water Vapor Tomography Using GPS Phase Observations:Simulation Results[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006, 44(10):2927-2941.
[85] 曹玉静, 刘晶淼, 梁宏, 等. 基于地基GPS层析大气水汽资源的方法研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2010, 25(10):1786-1796. CAO Yujing, LIU Jingmiao, LIANG Hong, et al. Progress in Ground-based GPS Tomographying Atmospheric Water Vapor Resource[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(10):1786-1796.
[86] CHEN Biyan, LIU Zhizhao. Voxel-optimized Regional Water Vapor Tomography and Comparison with Radiosonde and Numerical Weather Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2014, 88(7):691-703.
[87] YAO Yibin, ZHAO Qingzhi. Maximally Using GPS Observation for Water Vapor Tomography[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(12):7185-7196.
[88] YAO Y B, ZHAO Q Z, ZHANG B. A Method to Improve the Utilization of GNSS Observation for Water Vapor Tomography[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2016, 34(1):143-152.
[89] YAO Yibin, ZHAO Qingzhi. A Novel, Optimized Approach of Voxel Division for Water Vapor Tomography[J]. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2017, 129(1):57-70.
[90] LANYI G E, ROTH T. A Comparison of Mapped and Measured Total Ionospheric Electron Content Using Global Positioning System and Beacon Satellite Observations[J]. Radio Science, 1988, 23(4):483-492.
[91] YUAN Y, TSCHERNING C C, KNUDSEN P, et al. The Ionospheric Eclipse Factor Method (IEFM) and Its Application to Determining the Ionospheric Delay for GPS[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2008, 82(1):1-8.
[92] HERNÁNDEZ-PAJARES M, JUAN J M, SANZ J, et al. The IGS VTEC Maps:A Reliable Source of Ionospheric Information Since 1998[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2009, 83(3-4):263-275.
[93] ALIZADEH M M, SCHUH H, TODOROVA S, et al. Global Ionosphere Maps of VTEC from GNSS, Satellite Altimetry, and Formosat-3/COSMIC Data[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2011, 85(12):975-987.
[94] LI Zishen, YUAN Yunbin, LI Hui, et al. Two-Step Method for the Determination of the Differential Code Biases of COMPASS Satellites[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2012, 86(11):1059-1076.
[95] LI Zishen, YUAN Yunbin, WANG Ningbo, et al. SHPTS:Towards A New Method for Generating Precise Global Ionospheric TEC Map Based on Spherical Harmonic and Generalized Trigonometric Series Functions[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2015, 89(4):331-345.
[96] CHEN Peng, YAO Yibin, YAO Wanqiang. Global Ionosphere Maps Based on GNSS, Satellite Altimetry, Radio Occultation and DORIS[J]. GPS Solutions, 2017, 21(2):639-650. DOI:10.1007/s10291-016-0554-9.
[97] MANNUCCI A J, WILSON B D, YUAN D N, et al. A Global Mapping Technique for GPS-Derived Ionospheric Total Electron Content Measurements[J]. Radio Science, 1998, 33(3):565-582.
[98] ORUÚS R, HERNÁNDEZ-PAJARES M, JUAN J M, et al. Current Status and Expected Improvements of Ionospheric Reprocessing[M]. Darmstadt:IGS Workshop, 2006.
[99] SCHAER S. Mapping and Predicting the Earth's Ionosphere Using the Global Positioning System[D]. Switzerland:University of Berne, 1999:59.
[100] ZHANG Hongping, XU Peiliang, HANWenhui, et al. Eliminating Negative VTEC in Global Ionosphere Maps Using Inequality-Constrained Least Squares[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2013, 51(6):988-1000.
[101] TODOROVA S, SCHUH H, HOBIGER T, et al. Global Models of the Ionosphere Obtained by Integration of GNSS and Satellite Altimetry Data[J]. Vermessung & Geoinformation, 2007, 2:80-89.
[102] DETTMERING D, SCHMIDT M, HEINKELMANN R, et al. Combination of Different Space-geodetic Observations for Regional Ionosphere Modeling[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2011, 85(12):989-998.
[103] CHEN Peng, YAO Wenqiang, ZHU Xunjun. Combination of Ground and Space-based Data to Establish a Global Ionospheric Grid Model[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2015, 53(2):1073-1081.
[104] AUSTEN J R, FRANKE S J, LIU C H, et al. Application of Computerized Tomography Techniques to Ionospheric Research[C]//International Beacon Satellite Symposium on Radio Beacon Contribution to the Study of Ionization and Dynamics of the Ionosphere and to Corrections to Geodesy and Technical Workshop. Oulu, Finland:University of Oulu, 1986:25-35.
[105] HANSEN A J, WALTER T, ENGE P. Ionospheric Correction Using Tomography[C]//Proceedings of Institute of Navigation ION GPS-97. Kansas City:[s.n.], 1997:249-257.
[106] HANSEN A J. Real-Time Ionospheric Tomography Using Terrestrial GPS Sensors[C]//Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation. Nashville, TN:[s.n.], 1998:717-727.
[107] 耿长江. 利用地基GNSS数据实时监测电离层延迟理论与方法研究[D]. 武汉:武汉大学, 2011. GENG Changjiang. Theory and Method on Real Time Monitoring of Ionospheric Delay Using Ground Based GNSS Data[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2011.
[108] AMERIAN Y, HOSSAINALI M M, VOOSOGHI B. Regional Improvement of IRI Extracted Ionospheric Electron Density by Compactly Supported Base Functions Using GPS Observations[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2013(92):23-30.
[109] KONG Jian, YAO Yibin, LIU Lei, et al. A New Computerized Ionosphere Tomography Model Using the Mapping Function and an Application to the Study of Seismic-ionosphere Disturbance[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2016, 90(8):741-755.
[110] RIUS A, RUFFINI G, CUCURULL L. Improving the Vertical Resolution of Ionospheric Tomography with GPS Occultations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1997, 24(18):2291-2294.
[111] HERNÁNDEZ-PAJARES M, JUAN J M, SANZ J, et al. Global Observation of the Ionospheric Electronic Response to Solar Events Using Ground and LEO GPS Data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics, 1998, 103(A9):20789-20796.
[112] HERNÁNDEZ-PAJARES M, JUAN J M, SANZ J. New Approaches in Global Ionospheric Determination Using Ground GPS Data[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1999, 61(16):1237-1247.
[113] HERNÁNDEZ-PAJARES M, JUAN J M, SANZ J, et al. Application of Ionospheric Tomography to Real-Time GPS Carrier-Phase Ambiguities Resolution, at Scales of 400-1000km and with High Geomagnetic Activity[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, 27(13):2009-2012.
[114] 徐继生, 邹玉华. 时变三维电离层层析成像重建公式[J]. 地球物理学报, 2003, 46(4):438-445. XU Jisheng, ZOU Yuhua. Reconstruction Formula of Time-dependent 3D Computerized Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2003, 46(4):438-445.
[115] 徐继生, 邹玉华, 马淑英. GPS地面台网和掩星观测结合的时变三维电离层层析[J]. 地球物理学报, 2005, 48(4):759-767. XU Jisheng, ZOU Yuhua, MA Shuying. Time-Dependent 3D Computerized Ionospheric Tomography with Ground-based GPS Network and Occultation Observations[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2005, 48(4):759-767.
[116] LEE J K, KAMALABADI F, MAKELA J J. Localized Three-Dimensional Ionospheric Tomography with GPS Ground Receiver Measurements[J]. Radio Science, 2016, 42(4):RS4018.
[117] LEE J K, KAMALABADI F, MAKELA J J. Three-dimensional Tomography of Ionospheric Variability Using a Dense GPS Receiver Array[J]. Radio Science, 2008, 43(3):RS3001.
[118] MA X F, MARUYAMA T, MA G, et al. Three-Dimensional Ionospheric Tomography Using Observation Data of GPS Ground Receivers and Ionosonde by Neural Network[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics, 2005, 110(A5):A05308.
[119] WEN Debao, YUAN Yunbin, OU Jikun, et al. Three-dimensional Ionospheric Tomography by an Improved Algebraic Reconstruction Technique[J]. GPS Solutions, 2007, 11(4):251-258.
[120] WEN Debao, YUAN Yunbin, OU Jikun, et al. A Hybrid Reconstruction Algorithm for 3D Ionospheric Tomography[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2008, 46(6):1733-1739.
[121] WEN Debao, WANG Yong, NORMAN R. A New Two-Step Algorithm for Ionospheric Tomography Solution[J]. GPS Solutions, 2012, 16(1):89-94.
[122] 李慧. 基于GNSS的三维电离层层析反演算法研究[D]. 武汉:中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所, 2012. LI Hui. Studies on Three-dimension Ionospheric Tomography Using GNSS Measurements[D]. Wuhan:Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 2012.
[123] 姚宜斌, 汤俊, 张良, 等. 电离层三维层析成像的自适应联合迭代重构算法[J]. 地球物理学报, 2014, 57(2):345-353. YAO Yibin, TANG Jun, ZHANG Liang, et al. An Adaptive Simultaneous Iteration Reconstruction Technique for Three-Dimensional Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2014, 57(2):345-353.
[124] FREMOUW E J, SECAN J A, HOWE B M. Application of Stochastic Inverse Theory to Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Radio Science, 1992, 27(5):721-732.
[125] HANSEN A J, WALTER T, ENGE P. Ionospheric Correction Using Tomography[C]//Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation ION GPS-97. Kansas City:[s.n.], 1997:249-257.
[126] HOWE B M, RUNCIMAN K, SECAN J A. Tomography of the Ionosphere:Four-dimensional Simulations[J]. Radio Science, 1998, 33(1):109-128.
[127] SCHMIDT M, BILITZA D, SHUM C, et al. Regional 4D Modelling of the Ionospheric Electron Density[C]//Proceedings of the 36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Beijing, China:ADS, 2006:782-790.
[128] LIMBERGER M, LIANG W, SCHMIDT M, et al. Regional Representation of F2 Chapman Parameters Based on Electron Density Profiles[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2013, 31(12):2215-2227.
[129] ALIZADEH MM, SCHUH H, SCHMIDT M. Ray Tracing Technique for Global 3D Modeling of Ionospheric Electron Density Using GNSS Measurements[J]. Radio Science, 2015, 5(6):539-553.
[130] KONG Jian, YAO Yibin, LIU Lei, et al. A New Computerized Ionosphere Tomography Model Using the Mapping Function and an Application to the Study of Seismic-ionosphere Disturbance[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2016, 90(8):741-755.
[131] KAK A C, SLANEY M. Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging[M].[S.l.]:IEEE Press,1988:275-296.
[132] PRYSE S E, KERSLEY L. A Preliminary Experimental Test of Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1992, 54(7-8):1007-1012.
[133] RIUS A, RUFFINI G, CUCURULL L. Improving the Vertical Resolution of Ionospheric Tomography with GPS Occultations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1997, 24(18):2291-2294.
[134] RUFFINI G, CUCURULL L, FLORES A, et al. A PIM-Aided Kalman Filter for GPS Tomography of the Ionospheric Electron Content[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C:Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science, 2009, 24(4):365-369.
[135] BUST G S, COKER C, COCO D S, et al. IRI Data Ingestion and Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2001, 27(1):157-165.
[136] BUST G S, GARNER T W, GAUSSIRAN T L Ⅱ. Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three-dimensional (IDA3D):A global, Multisensor, Electron Density Specification Algorithm[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2004, 109(A11):A11312.
[137] BHUYAN K, SINGH S B, BHUYAN P K. Application of Generalized Singular Value Decomposition to Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2004, 22(10):3437-3444.
[138] NESTEROV I A, KUNITSYN V E. GNSS Radio Tomography of the Ionosphere:The Problem with Essentially Incomplete Data[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2011, 47(10):1789-1803.
[139] CHARTIER A T, SMITH N D, MITCHELL C N, et al. The Use Of Ionosondes in GPS Ionospheric Tomography at Low Latitudes[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics, 2012, 117(A10):A10326.
[140] YAO Yibin, KONG Jian, TANG Jun. A New Ionosphere Tomography Algorithm with Two-grid Virtual Observations Constraints and Three-dimensional Velocity Profile[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2015, 53(5):2373-2383. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2359762.
[141] 霍星亮, 袁运斌, 欧吉坤, 等. 顾及电离层变化的层析反演新算法[J]. 地球物理学报, 2016, 59(7):2393-2401. HUO Xingliang, YUAN Yunbin, OU Jikun, et al. A New Ionospheric Tomographic Algorithm Taking into Account the Variation of the Ionosphere[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2016, 59(7):2393-2401.
[142] HO C M, MANNUCCI A J, LINDQWISTER U J, et al. Global Ionosphere Perturbations Monitored by the Worldwide GPS Network[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013, 23(22):3219-3222.
[143] PRYSE S E. Ionospheric Tomography[J]. Surv. Geophys, 2003(24):1-38.
[144] MANNUCCI A J, TSURUTANI B T, ⅡJIMA B A, et al. Dayside Global Ionospheric Response to the Major Interplanetary Events of October 29-30, 2003"Halloween Storms"[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(12):L12S02.
[145] WEN Debo, YUAN Yunbin, OU Jikun, et al. Ionospheric Temporal and Spatial Variations During the 18 August 2003 Storm over China[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2007, 59(4):313-317.
[146] YIZENGAW E, MOLDWIN M B. The Altitude Extension of the Mid-Latitude Trough and Its Correlation with Plasmapause Position[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 320(9):L09105.
[147] YIZENGAW E, ZESTA E, MOLDWIN M B, et al. Longitudinal Differences of Ionospheric Vertical Density Distribution and Equatorial Electrodynamics[J]. Journalof Geophysical Research:Space Physics, 2012, 117(A7):A7312.
[148] DAVIES K, BAKER D M. Ionospheric Effects Observed Around the Time of the Alaskan Earthquake of March 28, 1964[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1965, 70(9):2251-2253.
[149] LEONARD R S, BARNES R A. Observation of Ionospheric Disturbances Following the Alaska Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1965, 70(5):1250-1253.
[150] DAUTERMANN T, CALAIS E, HAASE J, et al. Investigation of Ionospheric Electron Content Variations Before Earthquakes in Southern California, 2003-2004[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2007, 112(B2):B02106.
[151] LIU J Y, CHEN Y I, CHUO Y J, et al. A Statistical Investigation of Preearthquake Ionospheric Anomaly[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics, 2006, 111(A5):A05304.
[152] KON S, NISHIHASHI M, HATTORI K. Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated with M ≥ 6 Earthquakes in the Japan Area during 1998-2010:Case Studies and Statistical Study[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 41(4-5):410-420.
[153] SAROSO S, LIU J Y, HATTORI K, et al. Ionospheric GPS TEC Anomalies and M>=5.9 Earthquakes in Indonesia during 1993-2002[J]. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 2008, 19(5):481-488.
[154] YAO Y B, CHEN P, ZHANG S, et al. Analysis of Pre-Earthquake Ionospheric Anomalies before the GlobalM=7.0+Earthquakes in 2010[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2012, 12(3):575-585.
[155] LIU J Y, TSAI H F, LIN C H, et al. Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances Triggered by the Chi-Chi Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Resea rch:Space Physics, 2010, 115(A8):A08303.
[156] JIN Shuanggen, OCCHIPINTI G, JIN Rui. GNSS Ionospheric Seismology:Recent Observation Evidences and Characteristics[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2015(147):54-64.