倾斜摄影三维Mesh模型无参考逐面片缺陷检测与质量评估方法

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2026.20250517

测绘学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (8): 1382-1399.doi: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2026.20250517

• 摄影测量学与遥感 • 上一篇

倾斜摄影三维Mesh模型无参考逐面片缺陷检测与质量评估方法

汤圣君¹^,²(), 李寒雨², 王伟玺¹^,², 谢林甫¹^,², 李晓明¹^,², 郭仁忠¹^,²()

^1.深圳大学亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室，广东　深圳　518061
^2.深圳大学建筑与城市规划学院，广东　深圳　518061

收稿日期:2025-12-09 修回日期:2026-08-10 发布日期:2026-09-09
通讯作者: 郭仁忠 E-mail:shengjuntang@szu.edu.cn;guorz@szu.edu.cn
作者简介:汤圣君（1991—），男，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为城市三维要素结构化重建、多传感器融合测图等。E-mail：shengjuntang@szu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42471442);广东省自然科学基金项目(2024A1515030061);深圳市科技创新委员会重大项目(KJZD20230923115508017);亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室科研项目(2023ZB18);广东省科学技术协会青年科技人才培育计划(SKXRC2026858);深圳大学校企产学研合作关键技术攻关专项;中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(N2024S008)

A no-reference method for face-level defect detection and quality assessment of oblique photogrammetric 3D mesh models

Shengjun Tang¹^,²(), Hanyu Li², Weixi Wang¹^,², Linfu Xie¹^,², Xiaoming Li¹^,², Renzhong Guo¹^,²()

^1.State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
^2.School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China

Received:2025-12-09 Revised:2026-08-10 Published:2026-09-09
Contact: Renzhong Guo E-mail:shengjuntang@szu.edu.cn;guorz@szu.edu.cn
About author:Tang Shengjun (1991—), male, PhD, associate professor, majors in urban 3D element structured reconstruction and multi-sensor fusion mapping. E-mail: shengjuntang@szu.edu.cn
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471442);The Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515030061);Major Project of the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(KJZD20230923115508017);Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science(2023ZB18);Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Program of the Guangdong Provincial Association for Science and Technology(SKXRC2026858);Shenzhen University Special Program for Industry-University-Research Collaboration and Key Technology Development;Science and Technology Research and Development Program of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd.(N2024S008)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

面向“实景三维中国”建设对海量倾斜摄影模型质量控制的迫切需求，针对现有全参考评估方法依赖昂贵真值数据、传统无参考方法缺乏逐面片精细化检测能力等瓶颈问题，本文提出一种基于内在一致性与图注意力网络的倾斜摄影三维Mesh模型无参考逐面片缺陷检测与质量评估方法。该方法突破了传统全参考评估对外部真值的依赖，以预测缺陷面片与面片级真值之间的一致性为主要评价对象，从倾斜摄影成像机理与几何拓扑约束出发，构建了包含光度一致性、多视几何结构、三角形可见性、局部点云密度、法向量一致性、三角形形状等多模态特征的先验指标体系；进而将三维网格建模为图结构，利用图注意力机制聚合邻域上下文信息，实现对局部网格质量的自适应推理。本文选取3组具有不同地物特征的典型区域数据进行质量评估精度分析，并基于大范围的倾斜摄影Mesh模型进行了泛化性与效率测试及分析。试验结果表明，本文方法能够有效识别几何噪点、几何变形拉伸、模型不全等典型缺陷，在不同类型的场景下可实现71%~78%的缺陷检测精度，80%以上的召回率。在百万级面片情况下，本文方法训练与推理时间在分钟级。同时试验结果显示该模型在未经测试的场景中依然可以实现高质量的质量检测，且论证了经过多级降采样后模型依然可以保持较高的检测精度并有效提升检测效率。该研究将为解决大规模三维网格数据的自动化质检与微观缺陷定位提供有效的技术途径，也将为我国实景三维模型的全量质量评估提供重要的解决方案。

关键词: 实景三维, 倾斜摄影模型, 无参考质量评估, 图注意力网络, 缺陷检测

Abstract:

Addressing the urgent need for quality control of large-scale oblique photogrammetric models in the real-scene 3D China initiative, this study focuses on two limitations of existing methods: full-reference methods depend on costly reference data, whereas conventional no-reference methods generally lack the ability to detect defects at the individual mesh-face level. We propose a no-reference method for face-level defect detection and quality assessment of oblique photogrammetric 3D mesh models based on intrinsic consistency and a graph attention network. Although the method requires no external reference model during inference, its detection performance is evaluated against face-level ground-truth labels. Based on the imaging characteristics of oblique photogrammetry and the topological constraints of 3D meshes, we construct a set of multimodal features describing photometric consistency, multi-view geometric structure, triangle visibility, local point-cloud density, normal consistency, and triangle shape. The mesh is then represented as a graph, and a graph attention mechanism aggregates contextual information from neighboring faces to support adaptive inference of local mesh quality. Three representative regional datasets containing different types of surface features were used to evaluate detection accuracy. Generalization and computational efficiency were further evaluated on large-scale oblique photogrammetric mesh models. The proposed method effectively detects typical defects, including geometric noise, geometric deformation and stretching, and incomplete geometry. Across different scene types, it achieves a defect detection accuracy of 71%~78% and recall rates above 80%. For meshes containing millions of faces, both training and inference can be completed within minutes. The model also maintains reliable detection performance in previously unseen scenes. In addition, multi-level downsampling improves detection efficiency while preserving relatively high detection accuracy. These results provide a practical approach to automated quality inspection and fine-grained defect localization in large-scale 3D mesh data, supporting comprehensive quality assessment of real-scene 3D models.

Key words: real-scene 3D, oblique photogrammetric model, no-reference quality assessment, graph attention network, defect detection

中图分类号:

P208

汤圣君, 李寒雨, 王伟玺, 谢林甫, 李晓明, 郭仁忠. 倾斜摄影三维Mesh模型无参考逐面片缺陷检测与质量评估方法[J]. 测绘学报, 2026, 55(8): 1382-1399.

Shengjun Tang, Hanyu Li, Weixi Wang, Linfu Xie, Xiaoming Li, Renzhong Guo. A no-reference method for face-level defect detection and quality assessment of oblique photogrammetric 3D mesh models[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2026, 55(8): 1382-1399.

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链接本文: http://xb.chinasmp.com/CN/10.11947/j.AGCS.2026.20250517

http://xb.chinasmp.com/CN/Y2026/V55/I8/1382

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特征名称	符号	数据源	物理含义	针对的主要缺陷类型
光度一致性	x_photo	影像+网格	多视纹理匹配的置信度	几何噪声、模糊、错位
多视几何结构	x_geo	影像+网格	空间前方交会的几何稳定性	深度误差大、几何噪点
三角形可见性	x_vis	影像+网格	参与重建的观测冗余度	边缘悬浮物、虚假几何
局部点云密度	x_den	网格	原始测量数据的支持程度	平面大孔洞填充、非真实表面
法向一致性	x_norm	网格	网格面与原始流形的拟合度	表面凹凸不平、拓扑翻转
三角形形状	x_shape	网格	网格单元的几何健康度	狭长三角形、退化网格

数据集名称	场景描述	待检测模型	真值模型	主要质量挑战
数据集1：ISPRS多特蒙德数据集	包含同步采集的机载倾斜与地面影像	机载影像重建	空地融合高质量Mesh模型	待检测模型在建筑立面、底部及遮挡区域存在明显的结构缺失和纹理变形
数据集2：复杂单体建筑数据集	具有显著特殊几何特征的单体建筑	机载影像重建	人工精细化建模得到的高精度模型	考验方法针对特定复杂几何结构的检测能力，模型易出现几何粘连或结构错误
数据集3：复杂建筑群数据集	大范围、高密度的城市建筑群体场景	机载影像重建	人工精细化建模完成的高精度模型	考察方法在大规模场景、严重相互遮挡条件下，对多样化建筑形态质量问题的稳健性

数据集名称	总网格数	正样本网格数	负样本网格数	训练集总数	训练集占比
数据集1	1 242 784	70 330	2 874	73 204	1/17
数据集2	944 524	145 600	5 775	151 375	1/6
数据集3	6 642 898	496 822	15 076	511 898	1/13

试验方法	数据集场景	数据规模		检测精度指标				效率指标
试验方法	数据集场景	测试网格数	辅助影像数	Precision/（%）	Recall/（%）	F₁值/（%）	IoU/（%）	训练时间/s	推理时间/s
Mesh-GAT	数据集1	1 242 784	444	78.1	84.5	81.2	68.3	40	50
	数据集2	944 524	337	71.5	81.2	76.0	61.3	23	40
	数据集3	6 642 898	235	76.7	89.4	82.6	70.3	130	319
随机森林	数据集1	1 242 784	444	73.3	76.7	75.0	60.0	3	2
	数据集2	944 524	337	63.4	72.1	67.5	50.9	2	2
	数据集3	6 642 898	235	64.2	78.5	70.6	54.6	12	6

特征设置	Precision	Recall	F₁值	IoU
完整六维特征	76.7	89.4	82.6	70.3
去除三角形可见性	72.4	78.6	75.4	60.5
去除多视几何结构	63.8	91.2	75.1	60.1
去除光度一致性	68.5	73.1	70.7	54.7
去除三角顶点局部密度	74.2	68.4	71.2	55.3
去除三角形与点云法向一致性	64.9	59.8	62.2	45.2
去除三角形形状	70.6	70.2	70.4	54.3
仅使用视觉特征	80.3	61.5	69.7	53.4
仅使用几何特征	82.1	53.6	64.9	48.0

倾斜摄影三维Mesh模型无参考逐面片缺陷检测与质量评估方法

A no-reference method for face-level defect detection and quality assessment of oblique photogrammetric 3D mesh models

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面片保留率/（%）	数据规模		效率指标
面片保留率/（%）	测试网格数	辅助影像数	特征提取时间/min	推理时间/s
100	17 560 000	428	148	867
70	12 210 000	428	102	698
40	6 960 000	428	58	302
10	1 760 000	428	18	152

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