The theory,map tools and development directions of geographic spatial cognition

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2021.20210044

Abstract

Abstract: Focused on the geographic spatial cognition, this paper introduces the origination, the current situations, the four classical geographic spatial cognition theories and the difference between two factions. In the following, for the important role of map in spatial cognition, the function and research methods are concluded. Especially, the eye-tracking technology are paid more attention to, for its advantages in evaluation and interaction. Eventually, three developing directions and the characters of geographic spatial cognition in new AI era are discussed. With a focus on theoretical issues of geospatial cognition, this paper addresses at first their origin in psychology and the state of the art. The classical theories of geospatial cognition and their impacts are then introduced. Meanwhile, the fundamental difference between the geospatial cognition and geospatial sensing is pointed out. Although both are supported by the Artificial Intelligence (AI), the former is targeted to the understanding of how human brain works for spatial tasks, whereas the latter aims to maintain a dynamic digital twin of the geospace based on sensory technology and computer vision. The role and research methods of maps as a two-way tool for spatial cognition are discussed, with emphasis on eye-tracking experiments as well as their advantage in interactions. Three development trends of geospatial cognition in the era of AI—computational semantic cognition, cognitive mechanism of the mind and embodied cognition are summarized. The parallel development and characteristics of map-based spatial cognition in this same period are outlined.

Key words: spatial cognition, geographic spatial cognition, AI, eye-tracking, digital twin

CLC Number:

P208

ZHENG Shulei. The theory,map tools and development directions of geographic spatial cognition[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2021, 50(6): 766-776.

References

[1] 林崇德, 杨治良, 黄希庭. 心理学大辞典[M]. 上海: 上海教育出版社, 2003. LIN Chongde, YANG Zhiliang, HUANG Xiting. The comprehensive dictionary of psychology[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House, 2003.
[2] 高俊. 换一个视角看地图[J]. 测绘通报, 2009(1): 1-5. GAO Jun. Let’s take another look at map[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2009(1): 1-5.
[3] 王家耀. 地图学与地理信息工程研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2005. WANG Jiayao. Research on cartography and geographic information engineering[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2005.
[4] 王光霞, 游雄, 於建峰, 等. 地图设计与编绘[M]. 北京: 测绘出版社, 2011. WANG Guangxia, YOU Xiong, YU Jianfeng, et al. Map design and compilation[M]. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, 2011.
[5] 高俊. 地图的空间认知与认知地图学[C]//第四届全国地图学学术讨论会论文选集. 北京: 中国地图出版社, 1992. GAO Jun. Map cognition and cognitive cartography[C]//Proceeding of the 4th Seminar on Cartography Theory and Method. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House, 1992.
[6] NÚИEZ R, ALLEN M, GAO R, et al. What happened to cognitive science?[J]. Nature Human Behaviour, 2019, 3(8): 782-791.
[7] 米黑尔·罗科, 威廉·班布里奇. 聚合四大科技提高人类能力——纳米技术、生物技术、信息技术和认知科学[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2010. ROCO M C, BAINBRIDGE W S. Converging technologies for improving human performance: nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2010.
[8] 叶浩生. 具身认知的原理与应用[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2017. YE Haosheng. Principle and application of embodied cognition[M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2017.
[9] 罗布·基钦, 马克·布莱兹. 地理空间认知[M]. 万刚, 曲云英, 陈晓慧, 等, 译. 北京: 测绘出版社, 2018. KITCHIN R, BLADES M. The cognition of geographic space[M]. WAN Gang, QU Yunying, CHEN Xiaohui, et al., trans. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, 2018.
[10] LANDAU B, JACKENDOFF R.:“What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition[J]. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 1993, 16(2): 217-238.
[11] 白学军, 李馨, 闫国利. 汉语阅读眼动控制: 20年研究的总结[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2015, 31(1): 85-91. BAI Xuejun, LI Xin, YAN Guoli. Eye movement control in Chinese reading: a summary over the past 20 years of research[J]. Psychological Development and Education, 2015, 31(1): 85-91.
[12] KUAI Shuguang, SHAN Zhoukuidong, CHEN Jing, et al. Integration of motion and form cues for the perception of self-motion in the human brain[J]. Journal of Neuroscience, 2020, 40(5): 1120-1132.
[13] 郑束蕾. 个性化地图认知及眼动分析方法[M]. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2020. ZHENG Shulei. Personalized map cognition and eye movement analysis method[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2020.
[14] ZHENG Shulei, CHEN Yufen, WANG Chengshun. Application of eye-tracking technology in humanities, social sciences and geospatial cognition[M]. Switzerland: Springer, 2020: 431-448.
[15] 高俊. 地图与空间认知的邂逅[C]//“地图与空间认知”学术讨论会论文集. 郑州:[s.n.], 2018. GAO Jun. The encounter between map and spatial cognition[C]//Proceedings of the Seminar on Map and Spatial Cognition. Zhengzhou:[s.n.], 2018.
[16] GOODCHILD M F. Geographic information systems and science: today and tomorrow[J]. Annals of GIS, 2009, 15(1): 3-9.
[17] 王家耀. 地图集: 重构复杂非线性地理世界的“百科全书”[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2021, 46(1): 1-8. WANG Jiayao. Atlas: the “encyclopedia” of reconstructing complex nonlinear geographical world[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2021, 46(1): 1-8.
[18] 王家耀, 成毅. 论地图学的属性和地图的价值[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(3): 237-241. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140406. WANG Jiayao, CHENG Yi. Discussions on the attributes of cartography and the value of map[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(3): 237-241. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140406.
[19] LIU Bing, MENG Liqiu. Doctoral colloquium—towards a better user interface of augmented reality based indoor navigation application[C]//Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN). San Luis Obispo, CA, USA: IEEE, 2020: 392-394.
[20] 郭仁忠, 陈业滨, 赵志刚, 等. 泛地图学理论研究框架[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2021, 46(1): 9-15. GUO Renzhong, CHEN Yebin, ZHAO Zhigang, et al. A theoretical framework for the study of pan-maps[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2021, 46(1): 9-15.
[21] 郭仁忠, 陈业滨, 应申, 等. 三元空间下的泛地图可视化维度[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2018, 43(11): 1603-1610. GUO Renzhong, CHEN Yebin, YING Shen, et al. Geographic visualization of pan-map with the context of ternary spaces[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(11): 1603-1610.
[22] 郭仁忠, 林浩嘉, 贺彪, 等. 面向智慧城市的GIS框架[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2020, 45(12): 1829-1835. GUO Renzhong, LIN Haojia, HE Biao, et al. GIS framework for smart cities[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2020, 45(12): 1829-1835.
[23] 林珲. 从GIS走向虚拟地理环境的认知转变[C]//2019中国地理信息科学理论与方法学术年会论文集. 上海: [s.n.], 2019. LIN Hui. The change of cognition from GIS to VGE[C]//Proceedings of 2019 Academic Annual Conference of Geographic Information Science Theories and Methods. Shanghai: [s.n.], 2019.
[24] LI Zhilin, GAO Peichao, XU Zhu. Information theory of cartography: an information-theoretic framework for cartographic communication[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, 2021, 4(1): 1-16.
[25] DONG Weihua, ZHENG Liangyu, LIU Bing, et al. Using eye tracking to explore differences in map-based spatial ability between geographers and non-geographers[J]. International Journal of Geo-Information, 2018, 7(9): 337.
[26] ZHOU Yixuan, CHENG Xueyan, ZHU Lei, et al. How does gender affect indoor wayfinding under time pressure?[J]. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2020, 47(4): 367-380.
[27] DONG Weihua, YANG Tianyu, LIAO Hua, et al. How does map use differ in virtual reality and desktop-based environments?[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2020, 13(12): 1484-1503.
[28] 董卫华, 廖华, 詹智成, 等. 2008年以来地图学眼动与视觉认知研究新进展[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(3): 599-614. DONG Weihua, LIAO Hua, ZHAN Zhicheng, et al. New research progress of eye tracking-based map cognition in cartography since 2008[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(3): 599-614.
[29] 陈毓芬. 地图空间认知理论的研究[D]. 郑州: 信息工程大学, 2000. CHEN Yufen. Map spatial cognition theory research[D]. Zhengzhou: Information Engineering University, 2000.
[30] 陈毓芬. 电子地图的空间认知研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2001, 20(S1): 63-68. CHEN Yufen. Spatial cognition research on electronic maps[J]. Progress in Geography, 2001, 20(S1): 63-68.
[31] 郑束蕾. 个性化地图的认知机理研究[D]. 郑州: 信息工程大学, 2015. ZHENG Shulei. Research on personalized map cognition mechanism[D]. Zhengzhou: Information Engineering University, 2015.
[32] 郑束蕾, 陈毓芬, 杨春雷, 等. 地图个性化认知适合度的眼动试验评估[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(S1): 27-35. ZHENG Shulei, CHEN Yufen, YANG Chunlei, et al. Quantitative evaluation of personalized cognition suitability on maps by eye movement experiment[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(S1): 27-35.
[33] 王英杰, 陈毓芬, 余卓渊, 等. 自适应地图可视化原理与方法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012. WANG Yingjie, CHEN Yufen, YU Zhuoyuan, et al. Adaptive map visualization theory and method[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.
[34] 应申, 侯思远, 苏俊如, 等. 论游戏地图的特点[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2020, 45(9): 1334-1343. YING Shen, HOU Siyuan, SU Junru, et al. Characteristics of the game map[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2020, 45(9): 1334-1343.
[35] 应申, 庄园, 黄丽娜, 等. 性别和认知差异对三维空间寻路结果的影响[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2020, 45(3): 317-324. YING Shen, ZHUANG Yuan, HUANG Lina, et al. Impact of gender, cognitive differences in 3D scenes on wayfinding[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2020, 45(3): 317-324.
[36] 杜清运, 任福. 空间信息的自然语言表达模型[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2014, 39(6): 682-688. DU Qingyun, REN Fu. Representation model of spatial information in natural language[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2014, 39(6): 682-688.
[37] 王剑, 龙毅, 颜言, 等. 基于自然语言路径描述的地图空间认知研究[J]. 测绘科学, 2012, 37(3): 38-40. WANG Jian, LONG Yi, YAN Yan, et al. Map spatial cognition research based on route description in natural Chinese language[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2012, 37(3): 38-40.
[38] 艾廷华. 大数据驱动下的地图学发展[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2016, 41(2): 1-7. AI Tinghua. Development of cartography driven by big data[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2016, 41(2): 1-7.
[39] 苏明占, 於建峰, 王光霞, 等. 基于地图空间认知的室内消防救援地图设计[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2021, 46(1): 58-61. SU Mingzhan, YU Jianfeng, WANG Guangxia, et al. Design of indoor fire rescue map based on map spatial cognition[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2021, 46(1): 58-61.
[40] 王美珍, 沈婕, 苏昆. 移动环境中居民地综合算法的应用[J]. 地球信息科学, 2008, 10(2): 171-176. WANG Meizhen, SHEN Jie, SU Kun. The study on genenralization algorithms of settlement in the mobile environment[J]. Geo-Information Science, 2008, 10(2): 171-176.
[41] 贾奋励, 张威巍, 游雄. 虚拟地理环境的认知研究框架初探[J]. 遥感学报, 2015, 19(2): 179-187. JIA Fenli, ZHANG Weiwei, YOU Xiong. Cognitive research framework of virtual geographic environment[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2015, 19(2): 179-187.
[42] KOLÁČNY' A. Cartographic information:a fundamental concept and term in modern cartography[J]. The Cartographic Journal, 1969, 6(1): 47-49.
[43] GAO Jun. Spacial cognition of maps and cognitive cartography[C]//Proceedings of 1991 Chinese Yearbook of Cartography. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House, 1991: 12-18.
[44] 高俊. 地图学的历史性贡献──祝贺《国家普通地图集》出版[J]. 地图, 1997(2): 60-62. GAO Jun. Historical contribution of cartography[J]. Cartography, 1997(2): 60-62.
[45] 高俊. 地图学四面体——数字化时代地图学的诠释[J]. 测绘学报, 2004, 33(1): 6-11. GAO Jun. Cartographic tetrahedron: explanation of cartography in the digital era[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2004, 33(1): 6-11.
[46] 王家耀. 时空大数据时代的地图学[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1226-1237. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170308. WANG Jiayao. Cartography in the age of spatio-temporal big data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1226-1237. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170308.
[47] 李德仁. 脑认知与空间认知——论空间大数据与人工智能的集成[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2018, 43(12): 1761-1767. LI Deren. Brain cognition and spatial cognition: on integration of geo-spatial big data and artificial intelligence[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(12): 1761-1767.
[48] 刘经南, 郭文飞, 郭迟, 等. 智能时代泛在测绘的再思考[J]. 测绘学报, 2020, 49(4): 403-414. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2020.20190539. LIU Jingnan, GUO Wenfei, GUO Chi, et al. Rethinking ubiquitous mapping in the intelligent age[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2020, 49(4): 403-414. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2020.20190539.
[49] 周成虎. 全空间地理信息系统展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(2): 129-131. ZHOU Chenghu. Prospects on pan-spatial information system[J]. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(2): 129-131.
[50] 陈军, 彭舒, 赵学胜. 顾及地理空间视角的区域SDGs综合评估方法与示范[J]. 测绘学报, 2019, 48(4): 473-479. DOI: 10.11949/j.AGCS.2019.20180563. CHEN Jun, PENG Shu, ZHAO Xuesheng, et al. Measuring regional progress towards SDGs by combining geospatial and statistical information[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2019, 48(4): 473-479. DOI: 10.11949/j.AGCS.2019.20180563.
[51] 刘瑜, 姚欣, 龚咏喜, 等. 大数据时代的空间交互分析方法和应用再论[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1523-1538. LIU Yu, YAO Xin, GONG Yongxi, et al. Analytical methods and applications of spatial interactions in the era of big data[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1523-1538.
[52] 邓国臣, 牛汝辰. 地图文化及其价值观——王家耀院士专访[J]. 测绘科学, 2014, 39(12): 3-7. DENG Guochen, NIU Ruchen. The culture and value of map: interview of academician Wang Jiayao[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2014, 39(12): 3-7.
[53] 刘伟. 追问人工智能: 从剑桥到北京[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2019. LIU Wei. Ask artificial intelligence[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2019.
[54] 鲁学军, 周成虎, 龚建华. 论地理空间形象思维——空间意象的发展[J]. 地理学报, 1999, 54(5): 401-408. LU Xuejun, ZHOU Chenghu, GONG Jianhua. On geographic spatial thinking in images: the development of spatial mental images[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999, 54(5): 401-408.
[55] 孟丽秋. 视觉载负量的计量方法及其应用[J]. 解放军测绘学院学报, 1985(2): 53-62. MENG Liqiu. The quantitative methods of visual map loading and its application[J]. Journal of the PLA Institute of Surveying and Mapping, 1985(2): 53-62.
[56] O’KEEFE J, DOSTROVSKY J. The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat[J]. Brain Research, 1971, 34(1): 171-175.
[57] HAFTING T, FYHN M, MOLDEN S, et al. Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex[J]. Nature, 2005, 436(7052): 801-806.
[58] KRUPIC J, BAUZA M, BURTON S, et al. Local transformations of the hippocampal cognitive map[H]. Science, 2018, 359(6380): 1143-1146.
[59] GOLDBERG J H, KOTVAL X P. Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1999, 24(6): 631-645.
[60] FUHRMANN S. User-centered design for geoinformation technologies[M]//Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems. Oxford: Elsevier, 2018: 438-445.
[61] 王梦娟. 地图空间认知的眼动研究[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2011. WANG Mengjuan. Eye tracking research on map spatial cognition[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2011.
[62] RAYNER K. The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search[J]. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2009, 62(8): 1457-1506.
[63] YARBUS A L. Eye movements and vision[M]. Boston, MA: Springer, 1967.
[64] GOLDBERG J H, STIMSON M J, LEWENSTEIN M, et al. Eye tracking in web search tasks: Design implications[C]//Proceedings of 2002 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. New Orleans, Louisiana: Association for Computing Machinery, 2002: 51-58.
[65] IRWIN D E. Fixation location and fixation duration as indices of cognitive processing[M]//HENDERSON J M, FERREIRA F. The Interface of Language, Vision, and Action: Eye Movements and the Visual World. New York: Psychology Press, 2004: 105-134.
[66] JACOB R J K, KARN K S. Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises[M]//HYÖNÄ J, RADACH R, DEUBEL H. The Mind’s Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd., 2003: 573-605.
[67] NOTON D, STARK L. Eye movements and visual perception[J]. Scientific American, 1971, 224(6): 35-43.
[68] BRODERSEN L, ANDERSEN H H K, WEBER S. Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design[M]. Copenhagen: National Survey and Cadastre, 2002.
[69] PHILLIPS R J, NOYES L. A comparison of colour and visual texture as codes for use as area symbols on thematic maps[J]. Ergonomics, 1980, 23(12): 1117-1128.
[70] GARLANDINI S, FABRIKANT S I. Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of visual variables for geographic information visualization[EB/OL]. [2020-10-09]. http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~sara/pubs/garlandini_fabs09.pdf, 2010.
[71] OPACH T. Semantic and pragmatic aspect of transmitting information by animated maps[C]//Proceedings of the 22nd ICA International Cartographic Conference. 2005.
[72] NOSSUM A S. Semistatic animation: integrating past, present and future in map animations[J]. The Cartographic Journal, 2012, 49(1): 43-54.
[73] MACEACHREN A M, KRAAK M J. Research challenges in geovisualization[J]. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2001, 28(1): 3-12.
[74] KOUA E L, MACEACHREN A, KRAAK M J. Evaluating the usability of visualization methods in an exploratory geovisualization environment[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2006, 20(4): 425-428.
[75] KRASSANAKIS V. Recording the trace of visual search: a research method of the selectivity of hole as a basic shape characteristic[D]. Athens: National Technical University of Athens, 2009.
[76] ÇÖLTEKIN A, HEIL B, GARLANDINI S, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of interactive map interface designs: a case study integrating usability metrics with eye-movement analysis[J]. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2009, 36(1): 5-17.
[77] KIEFER P, GIANNOPOULOS I, RAUBAL M. Where am I? Investigating map matching during self-localization with mobile eye tracking in an urban environment[J]. Transactions in GIS, 2014, 18(5): 660-686.
[78] SWIENTY O. Attention-guiding geovisualisation: a cognitive approach of designing relevant geographic information[D]. Munich, Germany: Technical University of Munich, 2008.
[79] YOU Manlai, CHEN Chunwen, LIU H, et al. A usability evaluation of web map zoom and pan functions[J]. International Journal of Design, 2007, 1(1): 15-25.
[80] MONTELLO D R. Cognitive map-design research in the twentieth century: Theoretical and empirical approaches[J]. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2002, 29(3): 283-304.
[81] FABRIKANT S I, HESPANHA S R, MONTELLO D R, et al. A visual analytics approach to evaluate inference affordance from animated map displays[C]//Proceedings of 2008 GIScience. Park City, Utah: [s.n.], 2008: 1-7.
[82] FABRIKANT S I, REBICH-HESPANHA S, ANDRIENKO N, et al. Novel method to measure inference affordance in static small-multiple map displays representing dynamic processes[J]. The Cartographic Journal, 2008, 45(3): 201-215.
[83] OOMS K, DE MAEYER P, FACK V, et al. Investigating the effectiveness of an efficient label placement method using eye movement data[J]. The Cartographic Journal, 2012, 49(3): 234-246.
[84] GIANNOPOULOS I, KIEFER P, RAUBAL M. GeoGazemarks: providing gaze history for the orientation on small display maps[C]//Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. Santa Monica, California: ACM, 2012: 165-172.
[85] 高俊. 地图学寻迹: 高俊院士文集[M]. 北京: 测绘出版社, 2012. GAO Jun. Cartography tracking: papers of academician Gao Jun[M]. Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press, 2012.
[86] 劳伦斯·夏皮罗. 具身认知[M]. 李恒威, 黄达, 译. 北京: 华夏出版社, 2014. SHAPIRO L. Embodied cognition[M]. LI Hengwei, HUANG Da, trans. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House, 2014.
[87] ZHANG Xuan, MACKENZIE I S. Evaluating eye tracking with ISO 9241-Part 9[C]//Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Intelligent Multimodal Interaction Environments. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007: 779-788.
[88] 吴荣荣. VR环境下的眼动追踪系统及其应用研究[D]. 天津: 天津财经大学, 2019. WU Rongrong. Research on eye-tracking system and its application in VR environment[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, 2019.
[89] FUHRMANN S. User-centered design for geoinformation technologies[M]//Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems. Oxford: Elsevier, 2018: 438-445.
[90] 朱琳, 王圣凯, 袁伟舜, 等. 眼动控制的交互式地图设计[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2020, 45(5): 736-743. ZHU Lin, WANG Shengkai, YUAN Weishun, et al. An interactive map based on gaze control[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2020, 45(5): 736-743.
[91] 朱迪亚·珀尔, 达纳·麦肯齐. 为什么: 关于因果关系的新科学[M]. 江生, 于华, 译. 北京: 中信出版社, 2019. PEARL J, MACKENZIE D. The book of why: the new science of cause and effect[M]. JIANG Sheng, YU Hua, trans. Beijing: CITIC Press, 2019.
[92] 田江鹏, 贾奋励, 夏青, 等. 语义驱动的层次化地图符号设计方法[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2012, 14(6): 736-743. TIAN Jiangpeng, JIA Fenli, XIA Qing, et al. Design method of the semantic-driven hierarchical map symbols[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2012, 14(6): 736-743.
[93] 陈霖. 新一代人工智能的核心基础科学问题——认知和计算的关系[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2018, 33(10): 1104-1106. CHEN Lin. The core basic science issues in the new generation of AI: the relationship between cognition and computing[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(10): 1104-1106.
[94] 史蒂芬·平克. 语言本能[M]. 欧阳明亮, 译. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社, 2015. PINKER S. The language instinct: how the mind creates language[M]. OUYANG Mingliang, trans. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2015.