Research progress and key issues in spatial grid interoperability

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2025.20250070

Abstract

Abstract:

Spatial grids have excellent features such as discreteness, hierarchy, and regularity, making it an ideal framework for constructing realistic 3D scenes. Efficient interoperability among different types of grids is one of the key issues for achieving multi-source heterogeneous data fusion and analysis. This paper first reviews the current research progress in grid interoperability, including the general latitude and longitude middleware method and the “isomorphic” and “heterogeneous” grid encoding mapping conversion methods. It then analyzes the key issues in the interoperability process, pointing out the inherent difficulty of heterogeneous grids in overcoming the challenge of non-coplanarity, the lack of interoperability methods for both 3D grids and spatiotemporal grids, and the lack of a comprehensive reliability evaluation system and control methods for interoperability. Finally, the paper discusses future research directions, suggesting a focus on “grid points”, exploring unified underlying descriptions of grids to build a foundation model for interoperability, developing efficient mapping algorithms for “heterogeneous” grid encoding to address efficiency bottlenecks, expanding grid interoperability dimensions to support the construction of 3D reality China and establishing an “uncertainty” evaluation system for grid interoperability to ensure the quality and reliability of interoperability.

Key words: spatial discrete grids, interoperability, code mapping, 3D reality

CLC Number:

P208

Xuesheng ZHAO, Wenlan XIE, Wenbin SUN. Research progress and key issues in spatial grid interoperability[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2025, 54(10): 1727-1740.

Figures/Tables 11

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（孔径）形状	编码方式	所属类别	提出时间
四孔六边形	改进的GBT^[22]	层次编码	2007
	HQBS（六边形四元平衡结构）^[23]	层次编码	2010
	一维线性地址码^[24]	坐标编码	2011
	菱形块四叉树^[25]	填充曲线编码	2017
	HLST（六边形格点对称树）^[26]	层次编码	2019
	HLQT（六边形格点四叉树）^[27]	层次编码	2020
	HHUT（一致瓦片六边形层次结构）^[28]	层次编码	2023
三孔六边形	A3坐标^[29]	坐标编码	2006
	A3HT（三孔六边形树状结构）^[30]	层次编码	2008
	复进制数编码^[31]	层次编码	2018
	自适应经纬编码^[32]	其他	2019
七孔六边形	H3层次编码^[33]	层次编码	2015
四边形	DQG编码^[34]	填充曲线编码	2007
	GeoSOT编码^[35]	填充曲线编码	2012
	rHealPIX编码^[36]	填充曲线编码	2016
	S2编码^[37]	填充曲线编码	2017
三角形	Dutton编码^[38]	层次编码	1989
	Goodchild编码^[39]	层次编码	1992
	SQC（semi-quad codes）编码^[40]	层次编码	1993
	Lee编码^[41]	层次编码	2000
	线性连续编码^[42]	层次编码	2001

正多面体	剖分孔径	单元形状	系统名称	研发机构/商业公司
正二十面体	4	六边形	ISEA4H^[53]	欧空局
正二十面体	3	六边形	The PYXIS Earth^[54] Digital	PYXIS
正二十面体	7	六边形	H3^[33]	Uber
正二十面体	3、4	六边形、三角形	OpenEAGGR^[55]	Riskaware
正二十面体	3	六边形	Geogrid^[32]	Paris Lodron University of Salzburg
正二十面体	3、4、7	六边形、四边形、三角形	DGGRID8.1b^[56]	Southern Terra Cognita Laboratory
正八面体	4	四边形	DQG^[34]	中国矿业大学（北京）
无	4	四边形	GeoSOT^[35]	北京大学
正六面体	9	四边形	rHealPIX^[57]	澳大利亚国立大学
无	20	四边形	Open Location Code^[58]	Google
正六面体	4	四边形	S2 Geometry^[37]	Google
正六面体	9	四边形	SCENZ-Grid^[59]	Landcare Research
正八面体	4	三角形	QTM^[38]	University of Zürich