深空导航技术发展展望

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2025.20230493

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深空导航是保障各类深空任务高效实施的基础要素，随着地月、火星等深空任务数量大幅增长及行星际任务距离极大延伸，航天器巡航、掠飞、绕飞、下降着陆及星表面有人、无人活动等场景对导航提出了越来越高的要求。常用的深空网等手段难以全面满足多任务、高实时、自主性等导航需求。本文分析了深空任务数量快速增长、目标聚焦月球和火星、性质由探索向开发转变、距离不断延伸的特点，归纳了地月转移、月球和火星近星体空间及表面、超远深空3类典型深空导航需求，梳理了在用、可用及研究3类深空导航技术手段的主要特征和趋势，最后提出了深空导航技术发展建议，包括持续提升在用类技术性能，积极推动可用类技术试验部署，以及加强研究类技术的基础性研究。本文的研究成果可为深空导航相关技术研究提供参考。

关键词: 深空导航, 地月空间, 火星, 深空探测, 开发利用

Abstract:

Deep space navigation is a fundamental element ensuring the efficient implementation of all kinds of deep space missions. With the substantial increase in the number of cislunar and Mars missions, as well as the great extension in distance of interplanetary missions, the entire process of spacecraft cruise, flyby, orbiting, descent landing, and surface activities pose increasingly higher demands for navigation. The traditional methods, such as deep space network, are hard to fulfill the requirements for multi-task, real-time and autonomous navigation. The main characteristics of deep space missions are analyzed, such as increasing in number, focusing on Moon and Mars, transforming from exploration to development and extending in distance. The paper summarizes three typical navigation requirements for cislunar transfer space, the outer space and surface of planets (like Moon and Mars), and ultra-far deep space. Then the paper studies the characteristics and trends of currently in-use, available and potential technologies. Moreover, the suggestions for the development of deep space navigation technology are proposed, including continuously improving the performance of in-use technologies, actively promoting the experimental deployment of available technologies, and strengthening the fundamental research of potential technologies. This study can provide reference for the technical development in the field of deep space navigation.

Key words: deep space navigation, cislunar space, Mars, deep space exploration, development and utilization

中图分类号:

P228

李罡, 解放, 吴一凡, 卢鋆, 郭树人, 刘迎春, 宿晨庚, 杨晓珩. 深空导航技术发展展望[J]. 测绘学报, 2025, 54(3): 397-409.

Gang LI, Fang XIE, Yifan WU, Jun LU, Shuren GUO, Yingchun LIU, Chengeng SU, Xiaoheng YANG. Prospects for the development of deep space navigation technologies[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2025, 54(3): 397-409.

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序号类别		技术手段	观测量	作用域	自主性	基准源	性能指标	优点	局限性
1	在用类	深空网^[45-46]	测距、测速和干涉测量	深空	被动	人造	定轨精度 1 km（地月转移轨道） 200 m（环月轨道）	观测距离远	覆盖范围取决于地面深空站能力，系统容量有限
2		星光导航^[47]	测角	深空	自主	自然天体	定轨精度10 km		测角精度较低，独立导航能力较差
3		惯性导航^[48-50]	测加速度	深空	自主	—	定位精度100 m（航天器着落阶段，与测距等手段联合使用）	实现完全自主	需要外部不断校准
4	可用类	导航信号^[51-53]	单程测距	地月空间	半自主	人造	定位精度50 m、授时精度50μs	用户数量不受限	覆盖范围受限，对接收机要求较高
5		星间链路^[54-56]	双程测距	远至月球	半自主	人造	定轨精度120 m、授时精度20 ns	测距精度高	单链路定轨需累积观测及初始轨道
6		导航通信一体化卫星系统^{[14-15，57-60]}	单程测距	月球等近星体空间及表面	半自主	人造	定位精度10 m、授时精度20 ns	精度高，可覆盖星体外部空间及表面	建设成本较高，覆盖范围难以扩展至其他星体
7		导航信标^[61]	测距+信息增强	月球等星体表面	半自主	人造	定位精度50 m（星体表面局域范围）	局域精度高，可按需扩展	局域导航，需已知信标精确坐标
8	研究类	脉冲星导航^[62-65]	单程测距	深空	自主	自然天体	定轨精度5 km授时精度100 ns	实现完全自主	技术成熟度较低