A novel architecture of global navigation satellite system for accurate and trusted PNT services

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2025.20250175

Abstract

Abstract:

GNSS is the important provider for the positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services in today's society. After decades of development and iteration, the performance of GNSS services in current architecture has approached theoretical and engineering practical limitation, and it cannot fully fill the growing demand of global decimeter-level as well as high-trust navigation service. This study proposes a novel GNSS architecture that builds a measurement and communication network based on inter-satellite links and integrates a hybrid constellation of high orbit (GEO/IGSO), medium earth orbit (MEO), and low earth orbit (LEO). With minimal ground support, this architecture achieves global decimeter-level real-time positioning and integrity services through means such as space-based spatiotemporal reference, LEO augmented signals, and communication assistance. Simulation results show that, on the premise of being compatible with existing GNSS user terminals, the system can achieve a positioning accuracy better than 5 cm, shorten the convergence time to 1 minute, and significantly improve anti-jamming and anti-spoofing capabilities. Meanwhile, this system architecture can be compatible and interoperable with the existing GNSS and can evolve from it, enabling a smooth upgrade of user experience.

Key words: architecture of global navigation satellite system, accuracy and trust, inter-satellite link, high-, medium- and low- constellations, spatio-temporal reference

CLC Number:

P228

Shuren GUO, Hongliang CAI, Weiguang GAO, Wei ZHOU, Changjiang GENG, Gang LI, Ming DONG, Chengeng SU, Kun JIANG, Yinan MENG, Lei CHEN, Junyang PAN, Kai LI, Qifen LI, Xiaomei TANG, Shuangna ZHANG, Xiaogong HU. A novel architecture of global navigation satellite system for accurate and trusted PNT services[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2025, 54(11): 1934-1953.

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误差源	误差组项	现有能力	极限能力预测
空间段URE	轨道	0.1	0.02
	钟差	0.3	0.03
	信号时延	0.3	0.03
环境段UIE	电离层	0.8	0.7
环境段UIE	对流层	0.1	0.1
用户端UEE	多径	0~0.5	0~0.5
用户端UEE	噪声	0.05~0.2	0.05

系统	标称星座	轨道倾角/（°）	轨道高度/km	实际工作卫星数量	PDOP值
BDS-3	24颗MEO卫星（Walker24/3/1）	55	21 528	24	1.43
BDS-3	3颗GEO、3颗IGSO卫星	0/55	35 786	6	1.43
GPS	24颗MEO卫星（6个轨道面）	55	20 200	31	1.62
GLONASS	24颗MEO卫星（3个轨道面）	64.8	19 100	24	1.93
Galileo	27颗MEO卫星（Walker24/3/1）	56	23 200	24	1.92

导航系统	信号分量	电文速率/bps	符号速率/sps	调制方式
BDS-3	B1I（MEO）	50	50	BPSK
	B1C数据分量	50	100	BOC（1，1）
	B1C导频分量	0	0	QMBOC
	PPP-B2b	500	1000	BPSK
GPS	L1C/A	50	50	BPSK
	L1C数据分量	50	100	BOC（1，1）
	L1C导频分量	0	0	TMBOC
Galileo	E1-B	125	250	CBOC
	E1-C	0	0	CBOC
	E6-B	500	1000	BPSK
	E6-C	0	0	BPSK
GLONASS	G1	50	50	BPSK
GLONASS	L1OCd	125	250	BPSK

轨道高度与类型	模糊度收敛所需时间	模糊度100%整数解所需时间
低轨（1000 km）	1 min	10 min
中轨（20 000 km）	20 min	4 h
高轨IGSO（36 000 km）	2 h	25 h
高轨GEO（36 000 km）	+∞	+∞

频段	频段范围/MHz	优点	缺点
UHF	400	空间传播损耗小穿透能力强	电离层延迟大收发天线尺寸大
L	1164~1300	用户设备实现简单、接收机天线易实现	频谱资源相对有限，更为拥挤
L	1559~1660	小型化、使用便捷	频谱资源相对有限，更为拥挤
S	2483.5~2500	电离层延迟较小，频率协调难度小	空间传播损耗大，与移动通信互扰
C	5010~5030	电离层延迟小	空间传播损耗大，接收复杂度高，受雨衰遮挡影响大