Analysis of the impact of different geomagnetic activity levels and high-order ionospheric corrections on PPP

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2026.20250327

Abstract

Abstract:

Ionospheric delay is one of the largest sources of error in navigation and positioning, especially during solar flares and geomagnetic storms, which have a serious impact on BDS/GNSS navigation and positioning. To further evaluate the impact of ionospheric spatiotemporal disturbance characteristics on PPP positioning performance under different geomagnetic storm intensities, this paper selects observation data from 20 evenly distributed GNSS reference stations in Gansu province, and divides them into four scenarios: strong geomagnetic storms, moderate geomagnetic storms, weak geomagnetic storms, and geomagnetic calm periods. The differences in observation data quality and positioning accuracy under different magnetic activity intensities are compared and analyzed; and based on the global ionospheric grid (GIM) product, investigate the effects of high-order corrections in the ionosphere and daytime ionospheric disturbances on the positioning results. The experimental results show that there are significant abnormal data observed under strong geomagnetic storms, and the number of BDS abnormal data is lower than that of GPS；in terms of multipath error at each frequency point, L2 frequency point has the highest error, followed by B3I, L5, L1, and B1C. Among the overlapping frequencies, BeiDou B1C has the best resistance to multipath error；after high-order ionospheric correction, there is a significant correction in the N and U directions, and the positioning result shows a southward shift of about 2 mm after correction, which decreases with increasing latitude. Moreover, the GIM product has no significant effect on BDS correction；in addition, analysis of daily ionospheric activity indicates that abnormal ionospheric interference may cause centimeter level errors in positioning, which increase with altitude.

Key words: BDS, ionospheric delay, geomagnetic storm analysis, precise point position

CLC Number:

P228

Wanjun Ma, Xing Zhou, Zhenyu Li, Liyang Wang, Liang Zhao, Gongwei Xiao, Genyou Liu. Analysis of the impact of different geomagnetic activity levels and high-order ionospheric corrections on PPP[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2026, 55(7): 1254-1265.

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误差模型	处理策略
观测模型	双频消电离层组合
卫星轨道和钟差	WUM（武汉大学）产品
截止高度角	10°
观测值权	P=sin²e/σ²（σ²是伪距或载波的方差）
接收机和系统间偏差	白噪声估计
卫星、接收机天线改正	igs20.atx PCO：转换到距离，PCV：双线性插值
相位缠绕模型	卫星天线相位缠绕改正
对流层天顶湿延迟	随机游走估计
电离层产品	全球电离层格网产品（GIM）
模糊度参数	浮点模糊度

地磁活跃强度	卫星星座	最大值	平均值	总平均值
强地磁暴（DOY001）	GPS	908	385.7	370.2
强地磁暴（DOY001）	BDS-3	984	354.8	370.2
中等地磁暴（DOY106）	GPS	480	326.4	295.5
中等地磁暴（DOY106）	BDS-3	725	264.7	295.5
弱地磁暴（DOY067）	GPS	402	309.6	282.6
弱地磁暴（DOY067）	BDS-3	754	255.7	282.6
地磁平稳期（DOY149）	GPS	832	313.8	308.5
地磁平稳期（DOY149）	BDS-3	729	303.3	308.5

地磁活跃强度	GPS			BDS-3
地磁活跃强度	L1	L2	L5	B1C	B3I
强地磁暴（DOY001）	17.3	23.6	19.2	15.4	20.2
中等地磁暴（DOY106）	15.9	21.3	16.9	15.3	19.9
弱地磁暴（DOY067）	16.4	21.7	16.9	15.2	20.2
地磁平稳期（DOY149）	15.4	19.8	16.2	15.2	20.1

地磁活跃强度	统计值	GNSS			GPS			BDS-3
地磁活跃强度	统计值	N方向	E方向	U方向	N方向	E方向	U方向	N方向	E方向	U方向
强地磁暴	最大值	4.5	－17.2	－19.0	－4.4	－16.1	－10.3	－4.3	－18.4	－16.4
强地磁暴	平均值	0.3	－12.6	－9.0	－0.8	－11.8	－2.4	－0.8	－12.8	－6.4
中等地磁暴	最大值	3.2	－9.0	－5.1	－7.9	－5.2	16.2	－3.7	－11.9	35.5
中等地磁暴	平均值	0.3	－4.7	1.6	－1.0	－3.2	5.0	－0.7	－5.5	7.2
弱地磁暴	最大值	－7.0	－10.9	－13.6	－8.4	－7.9	－8.1	－9.7	－11.9	－12.0
弱地磁暴	平均值	－3.5	－6.7	－6.2	－3.4	－5.5	0.8	－6.3	－6.6	－1.2