The NISAR mission: innovations in earth observation and applications in surface deformation monitoring

doi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2026.20250363

Abstract

Abstract:

Jointly developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), the NASA-ISRO synthetic aperture radar (NISAR) mission was successfully launched on 30 July 2025. With the advantage of wide-swath coverage, high spatial resolution, left-looking imaging geometry, and dual-frequency (L-and S-band), NISAR is expected to substantially enhance monitoring capabilities for the solid Earth, cryosphere, and ecosystems. Furthermore, the mission's open-access SAR/InSAR processing toolchain and data products will substantially lower the technical barriers for non-specialist users. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the characteristics of NISAR and its contributions to global surface deformation monitoring. First, this paper analyzes the design concept of the NISAR satellite system. Then, unique observational strengths of the mission are discussed in detail, especially in deformation monitoring. Finally, we analyze the differences in surface deformation characteristics associated with various types of geological hazards. And the potential improvements in monitoring deformation induced by different disasters using NISAR products are summarized.

Key words: NISAR, satellite design, InSAR, wide-swath and high-resolution, surface deformation, geological hazards

CLC Number:

P228

Zhong LU, Jinqi ZHAO, Yufen NIU, Liquan CHEN, Qianyou FAN, Jinzhao SI, Zixuan WANG, Yuan GAO, Shuai WANG, Feifei QU, Hongtao SHI, Shiyong YAN, Yun SHI, Zheng ZHAO. The NISAR mission: innovations in earth observation and applications in surface deformation monitoring[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2026, 55(2): 261-274.

Figures/Tables 6

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Tab. 3

Monitoring characteristics of different hazards and the important role of NISAR"

灾害类型	形变特性与InSAR监测挑战	NISAR卫星的优势和作用
滑坡	（1）空间尺度跨度大，既需要对单体滑坡进行精细表征，也要求对区域滑坡群开展系统性识别与评估。（2）形变速率范围宽，每年数毫米的缓慢蠕变至每日米级剧滑。（3）环境复杂，常受地形几何畸变、茂密植被影响，失相干严重。（4）三维形变演变过程复杂。	（1）兼顾大幅宽与高空间分辨率，能够同步实现区域尺度滑坡群的普查与重点区域单体滑坡的精细监测。（2）长期稳定的时序观测数据，适用于缓慢蠕变到中等速率位移的形变监测；大梯度形变容纳能力，结合高时空分辨率，可显著增强对突发性滑坡和剧滑过程的捕捉能力。（3）较强穿透能力，可有效减弱植被覆盖区域的失相干现象；电离层相位的高精度校正，能够减弱大气误差的干扰。（4）联合其他右视SAR卫星构建观测网，可有效校正几何畸变；通过融合不同视角数据，可精确解算三维形变。
火山	（1）演化过程时间长，通常经历岩浆补给、运移、喷发及喷后调整等多个阶段。（2）环境复杂，常受地形几何畸变、茂密植被和季节性积雪覆盖等多源误差影响。	（1）长期稳定的高时空分辨率观测数据，适用于捕捉火山完整的动态演化过程。（2）较强穿透能力，能够有效减弱植被覆盖和季节性积雪引起的失相干现象；左视观测的补充，减少地形畸变影响；整体上，有利于精细捕捉非稳态形变信号。
构造	（1）演化过程时间长，形变量级小。通常表现为长期、缓慢且持续的地壳形变，其活动速率低至毫米/年。（2）影响范围常跨越数百甚至上千千米，呈现明显的区域尺度特征。	（1）长期稳定的高时空分辨率观测数据，有助于揭示震间长期微弱的形变规律。（2）大幅宽与高时间分辨率特性，能够高效获取广域的微小形变信号。
地震	（1）同震形变场空间分布广，且近场形变梯度大。（2）震后延伸至数年甚至数十年的震后松弛与震间应力积累，形成跨越从毫米级的微震前兆到米级的同震错动。	（1）高空间分辨率和大梯度形变容纳能力，有利于获取更精确完整的近场大位移信号。（2）长期稳定的高时间分辨率多星观测网络，能够快速捕捉震后瞬态演变及震间微小形变，有助于揭示地震多阶段、多机制耦合的复杂时空演化。
地面沉降	（1）长期缓慢且持续的形变演化过程。（2）影响范围多呈现区域性或更大空间尺度分布。（3）环境复杂，大气误差影响严重，且众多区域受植被限制，监测点密度不足。	（1）长期稳定的高时空分辨率观测数据，能够持续获取地面沉降演变特征。（2）大宽幅与高空间分辨率特性，可同时满足广域和重点区域监测需求。（3）更精确的电离层改正，可有效减弱大气误差的影响；较强的植被穿透能力与高空间分辨率，能够显著提高相干点的密度，有助于清晰刻画沉降边界与内部细节。
开采沉陷	（1）空间范围小，形变梯度大，且形变场不连续；时间尺度变化剧烈，月尺度累积形变量可达米级。（2）三维形变明显，最大水平位移可达沉降量的1/3左右。	（1）高空间分辨率和大梯度形变容纳能力，可有效减弱相位解缠难度；高时间分辨率有助于提高沉陷盆地动态变化监测的可靠性，揭示开采扰动的传播机制与时空演化规律。（2）结合现有SAR传感器，可通过多轨道、多角度协同观测解算三维形变场。
冻土	（1）积雪及土壤湿度变化剧烈，造成相位观测散射机理复杂。（2）热喀斯特地貌发育受到土壤湿度以及温度等多种因素约束，时空演化特征不一，要求高时空分辨率数据观测与建模。	（1）较强的穿透能力，能够显著抑制干雪层对雷达信号的干扰，提升冻融形变提取的可靠性。（2）高空间分辨率观测能够结合局部排水条件对不同热喀斯特地貌进行精细化监测，理解其与外部环境之间的耦合关系。（3）进一步结合现有SAR传感器，可实现高重访观测，进而构建更先进的形变模型，有助于深入解译冻融过程的水-热-力学变化过程。
冰川	（1）移动速度较快，常超出InSAR可监测范围。（2）环境复杂，高山常受地形几何畸变、大气延迟、积雪覆盖影响，失相干严重。（3）数据成本及时空分辨率限制，影响冰川物质变化估算的准确性。（4）全球观测数据不全，尤其高纬度地区的冰川研究受限。	（1）长波信号有助于提升InSAR技术用于快速形变场的监测能力。（2）较强穿透力，能够有效减弱积雪引起的失相干现象。（3）高分辨率全极化L、S观测数据融合，有效提升地形、地物刻画精细程度，提高冰川区获取地形动态变化的潜力与可靠性。（4）左视成像能缓解地形畸变现象，并补足当前在轨SAR观测系统在南极及其他高纬度区域的观测盲区。

Tab. 3

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卫星	工作波段	极化方式	空间分辨率（距离向×方位向）	幅宽	重访周期	轨道控制精度	设计寿命	成像视角	数据开放	数据产品
NISAR	L波段（23.8 cm）、S波段（9.4 cm）	单/双/全极化	3/6/12 m×7 m	120~240 km	12 d	350 m	3 a	左视	是	RSLC、RIFG、RUNW、GSLC、GUNW、GOFF
Sentinel-1	C波段（5.6 cm）	单/双极化	5 m×5 m（SM）、5 m×20 m（IW）、20 m×40 m（EW）	80 km（SM）、250 km（IW）、400 km（EW）	12 d（单星）、6 d（双星）	60 m	>7 a	右视	是	SLC、GRD、NRB、ETAD
Biomass	P波段（约70 cm）	全极化	50 m×8 m	约50 km×3	≥3 d	—	5 a	右视	是	SCS、DGM、STA

LOS向	Sentinel-1	（升轨）+Sentinel-1（降轨）+ALOS-2（升轨）			Sentinel-1（升轨）+Sentinel-1（降轨）+NISAR（升轨）				Sentinel-1（升轨）+Sentinel-1（降轨）+NISAR（升轨）+NISAR（降轨）
LOS向	1/20	1/10	1/5	1/3	1/20	1/10	1/5	1/3	1/20	1/10	1/5	1/3
EW	0.3	0.7	1.2	1.5	0.3	0.6	1.3	1.6	0.2	0.5	0.7	1.5
NS	21.2	34.7	118.9	158.5	1.1	3.3	5.8	11.7	0.9	1.3	3.4	7.1
U	3.5	5.7	19.2	26.2	0.3	0.5	0.7	1.3	0.1	0.4	0.8	0.8

灾害类型	形变特性与InSAR监测挑战	NISAR卫星的优势和作用
滑坡	（1）空间尺度跨度大，既需要对单体滑坡进行精细表征，也要求对区域滑坡群开展系统性识别与评估。（2）形变速率范围宽，每年数毫米的缓慢蠕变至每日米级剧滑。（3）环境复杂，常受地形几何畸变、茂密植被影响，失相干严重。（4）三维形变演变过程复杂。	（1）兼顾大幅宽与高空间分辨率，能够同步实现区域尺度滑坡群的普查与重点区域单体滑坡的精细监测。（2）长期稳定的时序观测数据，适用于缓慢蠕变到中等速率位移的形变监测；大梯度形变容纳能力，结合高时空分辨率，可显著增强对突发性滑坡和剧滑过程的捕捉能力。（3）较强穿透能力，可有效减弱植被覆盖区域的失相干现象；电离层相位的高精度校正，能够减弱大气误差的干扰。（4）联合其他右视SAR卫星构建观测网，可有效校正几何畸变；通过融合不同视角数据，可精确解算三维形变。
火山	（1）演化过程时间长，通常经历岩浆补给、运移、喷发及喷后调整等多个阶段。（2）环境复杂，常受地形几何畸变、茂密植被和季节性积雪覆盖等多源误差影响。	（1）长期稳定的高时空分辨率观测数据，适用于捕捉火山完整的动态演化过程。（2）较强穿透能力，能够有效减弱植被覆盖和季节性积雪引起的失相干现象；左视观测的补充，减少地形畸变影响；整体上，有利于精细捕捉非稳态形变信号。
构造	（1）演化过程时间长，形变量级小。通常表现为长期、缓慢且持续的地壳形变，其活动速率低至毫米/年。（2）影响范围常跨越数百甚至上千千米，呈现明显的区域尺度特征。	（1）长期稳定的高时空分辨率观测数据，有助于揭示震间长期微弱的形变规律。（2）大幅宽与高时间分辨率特性，能够高效获取广域的微小形变信号。
地震	（1）同震形变场空间分布广，且近场形变梯度大。（2）震后延伸至数年甚至数十年的震后松弛与震间应力积累，形成跨越从毫米级的微震前兆到米级的同震错动。	（1）高空间分辨率和大梯度形变容纳能力，有利于获取更精确完整的近场大位移信号。（2）长期稳定的高时间分辨率多星观测网络，能够快速捕捉震后瞬态演变及震间微小形变，有助于揭示地震多阶段、多机制耦合的复杂时空演化。
地面沉降	（1）长期缓慢且持续的形变演化过程。（2）影响范围多呈现区域性或更大空间尺度分布。（3）环境复杂，大气误差影响严重，且众多区域受植被限制，监测点密度不足。	（1）长期稳定的高时空分辨率观测数据，能够持续获取地面沉降演变特征。（2）大宽幅与高空间分辨率特性，可同时满足广域和重点区域监测需求。（3）更精确的电离层改正，可有效减弱大气误差的影响；较强的植被穿透能力与高空间分辨率，能够显著提高相干点的密度，有助于清晰刻画沉降边界与内部细节。
开采沉陷	（1）空间范围小，形变梯度大，且形变场不连续；时间尺度变化剧烈，月尺度累积形变量可达米级。（2）三维形变明显，最大水平位移可达沉降量的1/3左右。	（1）高空间分辨率和大梯度形变容纳能力，可有效减弱相位解缠难度；高时间分辨率有助于提高沉陷盆地动态变化监测的可靠性，揭示开采扰动的传播机制与时空演化规律。（2）结合现有SAR传感器，可通过多轨道、多角度协同观测解算三维形变场。
冻土	（1）积雪及土壤湿度变化剧烈，造成相位观测散射机理复杂。（2）热喀斯特地貌发育受到土壤湿度以及温度等多种因素约束，时空演化特征不一，要求高时空分辨率数据观测与建模。	（1）较强的穿透能力，能够显著抑制干雪层对雷达信号的干扰，提升冻融形变提取的可靠性。（2）高空间分辨率观测能够结合局部排水条件对不同热喀斯特地貌进行精细化监测，理解其与外部环境之间的耦合关系。（3）进一步结合现有SAR传感器，可实现高重访观测，进而构建更先进的形变模型，有助于深入解译冻融过程的水-热-力学变化过程。
冰川	（1）移动速度较快，常超出InSAR可监测范围。（2）环境复杂，高山常受地形几何畸变、大气延迟、积雪覆盖影响，失相干严重。（3）数据成本及时空分辨率限制，影响冰川物质变化估算的准确性。（4）全球观测数据不全，尤其高纬度地区的冰川研究受限。	（1）长波信号有助于提升InSAR技术用于快速形变场的监测能力。（2）较强穿透力，能够有效减弱积雪引起的失相干现象。（3）高分辨率全极化L、S观测数据融合，有效提升地形、地物刻画精细程度，提高冰川区获取地形动态变化的潜力与可靠性。（4）左视成像能缓解地形畸变现象，并补足当前在轨SAR观测系统在南极及其他高纬度区域的观测盲区。