Fig. 1

Location distribution of GPS，ionosonde，DART and atmospheric pressure observatories"

Fig. 2

Wavelet power spectrum and extracted DTEC of TEC between GPS stations and satellites"

Fig. 3

IPP trajectory of GPS station-satellite near Tonga volcano"

Fig. 4

Ionospheric DTEC time series in the east，south，west and north directions near Tonga volcano during a period of 5~25 minutes"

Fig. 5

Ionospheric DTEC time series in the east，south，west and north directions near Tonga volcano during a period of 25~50 minutes"

Fig. 6

The time-distance of DTEC in the eastern region near Tonga volcano"

Fig. 7

The time-distance of DTEC in the western region near Tonga volcano"

Fig. 8

The time-distance of DTEC in the southern region near Tonga volcano"

Fig. 9

The time-distance of DTEC in the northern region near Tonga volcano"

Fig. 10

Spatial distribution of IPP in New Zealand and Australia"

Fig. 11

Time series of TEC perturbations detected in the New Zealand and Australian. The blue line represents the DTEC time series of some GPS stations in New Zealand，while the red solid line represents the DTEC time series of some GPS stations in Australia"

Fig. 12

The time-distance of DTEC in the period range of 5~25 min"

Fig. 13

The time-distance of DTEC in the period range of 25~50 min"

Fig. 14

The wavelet power spectrum of GPS station-satellite DTEC in the period of 5~25 min"

Fig. 15

The wavelet power spectrum of GPS station-satellite DTEC in the period of 25~50 min"

Fig. 16

Observation data of ionosondes station，pressure monitoring station and sea level monitoring station. The ellipse represents the perturbation region of data"

Fig. 17

The spatio-temporal dynamic distribution of TIDs within a period of 5~25 minutes"

Fig. 18

The spatio-temporal dynamic distribution of TIDs within a period of 25~50 minutes"

Fig. 19

The time-distance of DTEC calculated by PRN17 satellite in China"

Fig. 20

The time-distance of DTEC calculated by PRN19 satellite in China"